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Abstract
Clove oil, clove extract and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) completely suppressed the growth of both Fusarium verticilloides and Aspergillus flavus isolates. Black cumin and thyme extracts were more suppressive on F. verticilloides than A. flavus. Antitox-Plus (AP) had no effect on the growth of both the pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test revealed that A. flavus was more sensitive to Fix-A-Tox (FAT) and AP than F. verticilloides. In the growth media, all the tested substances, completely suppressed the production of aflatoxins by A. flavus and significantly reduced fumonisins production by F. verticilloides, particularly clove oil and extract. Treatment of immature grains with the tested mould inhibitors prior to inoculation with A. flavus and F. verticilloides significantly reduced mycotoxins production at the end of the storage period; moreover, highest reduction rates were realised by BHA and FAT. Complete or highly significant suppression of aflatoxins in mature grains were obtained by all the tested herbal and synthetic mould inhibitors. Ground clove buds contained the highest carvacrol content, whereas thymol content was higher in thyme extract. Clove oil was rich in eugenol. Alpha-tocopherol content was higher in ground black cumin (BC), followed by BC oil. Unsaturated fatty acid content was higher in thyme extract and ground BC than saturated fatty acids. Linolenic acid was the most predominant fatty acid in BC oil and extract, whereas behenic and arachidic acids were detected only in BC oil. Stearic acid was the main fatty acid in clove oil and extract, whereas oleic acid was the prevailing fatty acid in thyme extract.