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Original Articles

Politics of Debt, War and Peace: Scandinavia 1800–1830

Pages 458-479 | Published online: 14 Aug 2013
 

Abstract

This article explores the dynamic relationship between war finance and economic and political developments in Scandinavia during the period 1800–1830. By comparing the organization of government debt in Denmark-Norway and Sweden, it is shown that the Danish system relied on revenues from trade and consumption, while the Swedish system was heavily influenced by internal political factors such as a divided fiscal authority. The leadership in Copenhagen was committed to maintaining existing relationships with creditors even when faced with severe fiscal constraints, while the Swedish government chose partial defaults as the politically expedient option when faced with fiscal difficulties.

Acknowledgements

An earlier version of this essay was presented in 2010 at the ‘Krig og ekonomiske endringer i de nordiske land 1600–1990’ seminar, organized by Harald Espeli and Joachim Lund at the BI Norwegian Business School in Oslo. It was also presented in 2011 at the ‘Strengthening the Nation: Early Modern Political Economy’ workshop, organized by Carl Wennerlind and Anders Ögren in Uppsala. I am very grateful for the valuable comments from the participants at these events.

Notes

1. 1 For an overview of the political situation in Scandinavia during the 18th and early 19th centuries see Barton, Scandinavia; Ihalainen et al., eds., Scandinavia in the Age. The concept of divided fiscal authority is discussed by Rosenthal, ‘The Political Economy’ and Winton, ‘The Political Economy’.

2. 2 Scott, The Birth, 280–361; Cardoso and Lains, ‘Introduction’, 4–5.

3. 3 Rosenthal, ‘The Political Economy’.

4. 4 See for example Thompson, ‘Castile’, 158–75.

5. 5 See for example Kristiansen, Norges finanser; Andreen, Politik och finansväsen; Åmark, Sveriges statsfinanser; Johansen, Dansk økonomisk politik; Ahlström, ‘Riksgäldskontoret’; Feldbæk, Danmarks økonomiske historie, 189–203; Nyberg, ‘The Early Modern’; Schön, ‘The Rise’.

6. 6 Nyberg, ‘The Early Modern’, 17.

7. 7 Franzén, Skuld och tanke, 263.

8. 8 See for example Feldbæk, Danmarks økonomiske historie, 193–5; Glenthøj, Skilsmissen, 79.

9. 9 Johansen, Dansk økonomisk politik, 141–64; Riley, International Government Finance, 140–1; Jørgensen and Westrup, Dansk centraladministration, 149–56.

10. 10 Danish National Archives, Copenhagen (hereafter DNA), Finanskollegiet, Protokol for tabellariske oversigter indtægter og udgifter 1784–1806; Finanskassedirektionen, Kontoret for de aktive og passive fordringar, Hovedbog for Tontinen af 7 maj 1800; Statsgældsdirektionen, Statsgældskontoret, Hovedbog for lånet af 24.12 1808; Wilcke, Specie, 253.

11. 11 DNA, Finanskassedirektionen, Hoved- og Kontrabogholderkontoret, Hovedindtægtsbøger 1784–1816, 1800; Hovedudgiftsbøger for Civiletaten 1784–1816, 1800.

12. 12 The administrative and political aspects of trade revenue are discussed by O’Brien, ‘The Political Economy’, 16–28.

13. 13 The adaptation of Danish debt policies to the interests of especially Dutch investors is stressed by Bochove, The Economic Consequences, 101–24.

14. 14 See for example Feldbæk, India Trade; Rönnbäck, Commerce and Colonisation, 112–21.

15. 15 Åmark, Sveriges statsfinanser, 633–41.

16. 16 Swedish National Archives, Stockholm (hereafter SNA), Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Skilda räkenskaper, Diverse uppställningar och sammandrag 1792–1814, vol. 8349.

17. 17 SNA, Riksgäldskontoret, Huvudarkivet, Riksgäldsfullmäktiges hemliga protokoll, vol. 4379, 6 May 1799; Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Skilda räkenskaper, Diverse uppställningar och sammandrag 1792–1814, vol. 8349; Statskontoret, Kansliet, Svea Rikes stat 1800, vol. 8.

18. 18 Wilcke, Specie, 253; Åmark, Sveriges statsfinanser, 645.

19. 19 Feldbæk, Danmarks økonomiske historie, 148.

20. 20 SNA, Secret Committee 1800, vol. R3665, 3 March; Landberg, Den svenska riksdagen, 126.

21. 21 Winton, ‘Den högsta maktens’, 82–97.

22. 22 Landberg, Den svenska riksdagen, 131–2; Åmark, Sveriges statsfinanser, 291–2.

23. 23 Åmark, Sveriges statsfinanser, 296–8.

24. 24 Landberg, Den svenska riksdagen, 153–4.

25. 25 SNA, Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Skilda räkenskaper, vol. 8350; Statskontoret, Kansliet, Svea Rikes stat 1805, vol. 13.

26. 26 DNA, Finanskollegiet, Efterretninger vedrørende statsgælden m.m. 1784–1814, vol. 1070; Wilcke, Specie, 253.

27. 27 DNA, Finanskassedirektionen, Hoved- og Kontrabogholderkontoret, Hovedindtægtsbøger 1784–1816, 1805; Hovedudgiftsbøger for Civiletaten 1784–1816, 1805. See also Nielsen and Thalbitzer, Skatter, 101–19.

28. 28 Feldbæk, ‘Eighteenth-Century Danish’, 20–1; Feldbæk, Danmarks økonomiske historie, 187; Munch-Petersen, ‘Den præventive krigs’.

29. 29 DNA, Finanskollegiet, Efterretninger vedrørende statsgælden m.m. 1784–1814, vol. 1071; Wilcke, Specie, 253.

30. 30 DNA, Finanskassedirektionen, Hoved- og Kontrabogholderkontoret, Hovedindtægtsbøger 1784–1816, 1808. For a discussion about prices see Abildgren, ‘Consumer Prices’, 9, 23.

31. 31 DNA, Finanskassedirektionen, Hoved- og Kontrabogholderkontoret, Hovedindtægtsbøger 1784–1816, 1808; Hovedudgiftsbøger for Civiletaten 1784–1816, 1808.

32. 32 Feldbæk, Danmarks økonomiske historie, 192.

33. 33 DNA, Finanskassedirektionen, Hoved- og Kontrabogholderkontoret, Hovedindtægtsbøger 1784–1816, 1810, 1812; Hovedudgiftsbøger for Civiletaten 1784–1816, 1810, 1812.

34. 34 Wilcke, Specie, 253.

35. 35 DNA, Finanskassedirektionen, Hoved- og Kontrabogholderkontoret, Hovedindtægtsbøger 1784–1816, 1812. Price series from Abildgren, ‘Consumer Prices’, 23.

36. 36 Thisner, Militärstatens arvegods, 47–9, 88–100; Frydenlund, ‘Political Practices’, 250–2.

37. 37 Barton, Scandinavia, 266–9.

38. 38 Åmark, Sveriges statsfinanser, 852–3.

39. 39 Barton, Scandinavia, 270–1, 278–9.

40. 40 SNA, Riksgäldskontorets huvudarkiv, Fullmäktiges protokoll 1808, vol. 4077, 29 February, 15 March, 17 March, 30 May.

41. 41 SNA, Riksgäldskontorets huvudarkiv, Fullmäktiges protokoll 1808, vol. 4078, 28 July.

42. 42 SNA, Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Avräkningsböcker över obligationer för inrikeslån 1806–1808, vol. 8277.

43. 43 SNA, Riksgäldskontorets huvudarkiv, Fullmäktiges protokoll 1808, vol. 4078, 24 November.

44. 44 See for example Ahlström, ‘Riksgäldskontoret’, 111; Engdahl and Ögren, ‘Multiple Monies’, 78.

45. 45 SNA, Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Skilda räkenskaper, vol. 8350.

46. 46 SNA, Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Koncepthuvudböcker 1808, vol. 7018; Statskontoret, Kansliet, Svea Rikes stat 1808, vol. 16; Åmark, Sveriges statsfinanser, 855.

47. 47 Hemström, Marschen mot makten; Sundin, 1809.

48. 48 SNA, Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Avräkningsböcker över obligationer för andra särskilda inrikes lån, vol. 8300, Patriotiske lån.

49. 49 SNA, Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Avräkningsböcker över obligationer för inrikeslån 1810–1815, vol. 8280–8281.

50. 50 SNA, Statsutskottets protokoll 1809–10, vol. R4193, 14 August 1809.

51. 51 SNA, Secret Committee 1812, vol. R4521, 21 May.

52. 52 Grönberg, Bankosedelfrågan, 40–4.

53. 53 SNA, Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Koncepthuvudböcker 1812, vol. 7022. The numbers from 1808 are taken from Åmark, Sveriges statsfinanser, 645, 649.

54. 54 SNA, Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Koncepthuvudböcker 1812, vol. 7022; Statskontoret, Kansliet, Svea Rikes stat 1812, vol. 20.

55. 55 Wilcke, Specie, 291–8; Hansen, ‘Pengereformen’, 71.

56. 56 Svendsen and Hansen, Dansk pengehistorie, 104–7; Feldbæk, Danmarks økonomiske historie, 193–4.

57. 57 Hansen, ‘Pengereformen’, 72.

58. 58 Stancke, Kreditmarkedsstastik, 147; Feldbæk, Danmarks økonomiske historie, 194.

59. 59 DNA, Finanskollegiet, Efterretninger vedrørende statsgælden m.m. 1784–1814, vol. 1071; Wilcke, Specie, 319.

60. 60 Wilcke, Specie, 312–4; Kristiansen, Norges finanser, 262; Barton, Scandinavia, 337.

61. 61 Jørgensen and Westrup, Dansk centraladministration, 159–60.

62. 62 DNA, Statsgældsdirektionen, Regnskap for Statsgældsdirektionen 1816–1847, 1816; Wilcke, Specie, 319.

63. 63 DNA, Finanskassedirektionen, Hoved- og Kontrabogholderkontoret, Hovedindtægtsbøger 1784–1816, 1816; Statsgældsdirektionen, Regnskap for Statsgældsdirektionen 1816–1847, 1816.

64. 64 Glenthøj, Skilsmissen, 79, 153–8.

65. 65 Franzén, Skuld och tanke, 241–5.

66. 66 See for example SNA, Riksgäldskontorets huvudarkiv, Fullmäktiges protokoll 1815, vol. 4087, 9 March. See also Franzén, Skuld och tanke, 246–8.

67. 67 SNA, Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Koncepthuvudböcker 1815, vol. 7025.

68. 68 SNA, Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Koncepthuvudböcker 1815, vol. 7025; Statskontoret, Kansliet, Svea Rikes stat 1815, vol. 23.

69. 69 SNA, Riksgäldskontorets huvudarkiv, Fullmäktiges protokoll 1830, vol. 4102, 27 May, 1 June, 3 August.

70. 70 SNA, Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Avräkningsböcker over obligationer för inrikeslån 1815–1819, vol. 8278–8282, Avräkningsböcker över obligationer för inrikeslån 1830–1831, vol. 8293.

71. 71 Ahlström, ‘Riksgäldskontoret’, 100–5, 111–12.

72. 72 SNA, Riksgäldskontoret, Bokslutskontoret, Tryckta utdrag ur riksgäldskontorets huvudböcker, vol. 6780, 1830.

73. 73 Kristiansen, Norges finanser, 204–18, 257–65, 278–95.

74. 74 Feldbæk, Danmarks økonomiske historie, 196–8.

75. 75 DNA, Statsgældsdirektionen, Regnskab for Statsgældsdirektionen 1816–1847, 1830; Finansdeputationen, Hoved- og Kontrabogholderkontoret, Hovedindtægtsbøger 1817–1848, 1830.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Patrik Winton

Patrik Winton, PhD, is a research fellow in history at Uppsala University. His research has focused on political organization and political culture in 18th-century Scandinavia, as well as the political economy of government finance in Denmark-Norway and Sweden during the period 1740–1830. Winton is currently working on a research project, which concentrates on the relationship between the Swedish state and international credit markets in the period 1760–1830. Address: Department of History, Uppsala University, Box 628, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden. [email: [email protected]]

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