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Article

The Voice of Business in Denmark’s Neoliberal Turn

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Pages 530-549 | Received 06 Sep 2022, Accepted 24 Apr 2023, Published online: 10 May 2023
 

ABSTRACT

Many historians have argued that the Nordic welfare societies underwent a major transformation in the later decades of the 20th century, and neoliberalism has been identified as a key driver of this transformation. This article contributes to this field of contemporary history as it addresses the rhetoric and role of organized business in Denmark’s neoliberal turn, focusing especially on the Confederation of Danish Industry. Using conceptual historical methodology, the article identifies a rhetoric of competitiveness in the communication of organized business and traces how this rhetoric changed from 1970s to 2010s. This leads to the identification of two discontinuities. First, the article shows how the 1980s saw a transformation in which the industrialists increasingly called for state engagement to further competitiveness in the private sector, especially in relation to research and innovation. Second, the article shows how the 2010s saw a transformation in which the rhetoric of competitiveness adopted ideas about sustainability. What emerges from this analysis is a rather pragmatic version of neoliberalism that was born out of business interests and which since the late 1980s was developed as an integrated part of a consensus in the Danish policy elite.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1. E. g. Inset, Markedsvendingen, for Norway, and Kolstrup, Forandringens årti, for Denmark.

2. For a recent interpretation along those lines see Gerstle, The Rise and Fall. For an early contribution see Harvey, A Brief History, 4–6. For a brief overview of neoliberalism research see Rodgers, “The Uses and Abuses”.

3. Some recent key contributions are Biebricher, The Political Theory of Neoliberalism; Burgin, The Great Pursuasion; Mirowski & Plehwe, The Road from Mont Pélerin; Slobodian, Globalists.

4. Peck & Tickell, Neoliberalizing Space.

5. E. g. Kärrylä, “The Young Finns Party”; Køber, “Henning Fonsmark”; Olsen, “Velfærdsstatens krise”; Olsen, “Jørn Henrik Petersen”; Rudberg, “Doing Business in the Schools”.

6. E. g. Phillips-Fein, “Business Conservatives”.

7. Westerberg, Socialists at the Gate.

8. Olsen, “A Second-Hand Dealer”.

9. Gane, “Competition”.

10. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 41.

11. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 63–9.

12. Koselleck, Vergangene Zukunft, 107–29.

13. Freeden, Ideologies and Political Theory.

14. Kettunen, “The Nordic Model and the Making of the Competitive Us”; Kettunen, “The Nordic Model and Consensual Competitiveness”; Kettunen, “The transnational construction”.

15. Pedersen, Konkurrencestaten, 13–15, 59–60, 71.

16. E. g. Villaume, Gyldendal og Politikens Danmarkshistorie, 32.

17. Petersen, Petersen & Christiansen, Dansk velfærdshistorie.

18. Olsen, “Velfærdsstatens krise”.

19. Villaume, Gyldendal og Politikens Danmarkshistorie, 306.

20. Industrirådet, Fra nul-vækst.

21. Westerberg, Socialists at the Gate.

22. Nevers, “Capitalism in Times of Crisis”. For the post-war period see Larsen, Produktivitet, vækst og velfærd.

23. Industrirådet, Fra nul-vækst, 3–4.

24. Industrirådet, Fra nul-vækst, 19–20.

25. Industrirådet, Fra nul-vækst, 26–31.

26. Industrirådet, Vilje til vækst.

27. Industrirådet, Vilje til vækst, 5, 9.

28. Industrirådet, Vilje til vækst, 37.

29. Industrirådet, Vilje til vækst, 21–4.

30. Industrirådet, Vilje til vækst, 17–27.

31. Christiansen & Sidenius, “Forsknings- og teknologipolitik i Danmark”.

32. Guzzetti, ”High Technology”.

33. Guzzetti, “High Technology,” 83.

34. E. g. Kjærgaard, ”Forskningen og Dansk Industri”.

35. Nevers, “Fra fabrikker til innovationsklynger”.

36. Folketingstidende, Forhandlingerne 1959–60, col. 2016.

37. Industrirådet, Over alle grænser.

38. Industrirådet, Industrien og EF.

39. Industrirådet, Vilje til vækst, 24–7.

40. Industrirådet, Industrien og EF, 8, 26.

41. E. g. Industrirådet, Industrien og EF, 22.

42. Nevers, “Fra fabrikker til innovationsklynger”.

43. Industriministeriet, Danmark i Det indre marked, 13.

44. E. g. Bundgaard and Frederiksen, Verdenshandel uden hindringer, 31.

45. Bundgaard and Frederiksen, Verdenshandel uden hindringer, 31.

46. Industrirådet, Vejen til et konkurrencedygtigt, 2.

47. Dansk Industri, Danmarks EF-formandskab, 32.

48. Dansk Industri, Industriens ønsker, 15.

49. Dansk Industri, Danmarks EF-formandskab, 6.

50. Dansk Industri, Industriens Internationale Udfordring, 6.

51. Boje and Kallestrup, Marked, erhvervsliv og stat, 240.

52. Boje and Kallestrup, Marked, erhvervsliv og stat, 231–7.

53. OECD, OECD Economic Surveys, 90–6.

54. Boje and Kallestrup, Marked, erhvervsliv og stat, 240–6. See also: Konkurrencelovsudvalget, “Konkurrenceloven i Danmark”.

55. Boje and Kallestrup, Marked, erhvervsliv og stat, 246–8.

56. Dansk Industri, Industriens politiske anbefalinger, 24.

57. Dansk Industri, Industriens politiske anbefalinger, 24.

58. Dansk Industri, Vidensamfundet.

59. Dansk Industri, Vidensamfundet, 7–13.

60. Dansk Industri, Vidensamfundet II, 7–9.

61. Dansk Industri, Vidensamfundet II, 10.

62. Nevers, “Fra fabrikker til innovationsklynger”.

63. Dansk Handel & Service, Danmark til serviceeftersyn, 3.

64. Dansk Handel & Service, Danmark til serviceeftersyn, 12–3.

65. Dansk Industri, Industrien og velfærdssamfundet, 14.

66. Dansk Industri, Industrien og velfærdssamfundet, 19.

67. Dansk Industri, Industrien og velfærdssamfundet, 22.

68. European Council, Precedency Conclusions.

69. European Union, “The 3% objective”.

70. Regeringen, Fremgang, fornyelse og tryghed, 5.

71. Dansk Handel & Service, Viden og vækst, 7–8.

72. Dansk Handel & Service, Viden og vækst, 5, 27.

73. Dansk Handel & Service, Viden og vækst, 5. Similar points were presented in: Dansk Handel og Service, Forsknings i verdensklasse.

74. Faye and Pedersen, “Videnssamfundets dilemmaer,” 11–32.

75. Dansk Industri, Danmark skal sprudle, 1.

76. Dansk Industri, Iværksættere i vækst, 5–9; Dansk Handel & Service, Vejen til vækst, 16.

77. Dansk Industri, Danmark i Vækst, 100–8; Dansk Industri, Kvalitet til tiden; Dansk Erhverv, Effektiv Velfærd; Dansk Erhverv, Helstøbt Velfærd; Dansk Erhverv, Synlig Velfærd; Dansk Erhverv, Brugerdreven velfærd.

78. Regeringen, På vej mod en kvalitetsreform, 25.

79. Dansk Erhverv, Brugerdreven velfærd, 4.

80. Dansk Erhverv, Brugerdreven velfærd, 12–15.

81. Dansk Erhverv, Helstøbt velfærd, 3.

82. Dansk Erhverv, Brugerdreven velfærd, 19.

83. Dansk Erhverv, Brugerdreven velfærd, 14.

84. Dansk Erhverv, Synlig velfærd.

85. Dansk Industri, En 2020-plan med ambitioner; Dansk Industri, DI’s 2025-plan.

86. Dansk Industri, En 2020-plan med ambitioner, 1.

87. Dansk Industri, En 2020-plan med ambitioner, 60–1.

88. Dansk Industri, DI’s 2025-plan, 1.

89. Dansk Industri, DI’s 2025-plan, 6.

90. Skatteministeriet, “Aftale om skattereform”.

91. Dansk Industri, DI’s 2025-plan, 6–7.

92. Dansk Industri, DI’s 2025-plan, 76–8.

93. Dansk Industri, DI’s 2030-plan; Dansk Industri, Danmark tilbage til fremtiden.

94. Dansk Industri, DI’s 2030-plan, 6.

95. Dansk Industri, Danmark tilbage til fremtiden, 20.

96. Industrirådet, Sæt pris på miljøet.

97. Folketinget, “Forslag til Lov om miljøbeskyttelse”.

98. Industrirådet, Vilje til vækst, 20.

99. Dansk Industri, DI’s 2030-plan, 6–7.

100. Dansk Industri, DI’s 2030-plan, 1.

101. See for example Poulsen et. al: ‘Danmarks grønnes success skal fortsætte’, Jyllands-Posten, April 10, 2018, signed by Henrik Poulsen (CEO, Dong Energy), Anders Runevad (CEO, Vestas Wind Systems), Jukka Pertola (CEO, Siemens Danmark), Jørgen Tang-Jensen (CEO, Velux), and Jesper Hjulmand (CEO, Seas-NVE), ‘Vi er et succesfuldt foregangsland’, Børsen, March 3, 2015; Tine Roed (DI), Kim Faussing (CEO, Danfoss), Mads Nipper (CEO, Grundfos), Claus Møller (direktør, Siemens), Michael Simmelsgaard (landechef, Vattenfall), Peter Bang (Group Executive Director, Velux), Morten Dyrholm (Direktør for marketing, kommunikation og public affairs, Vestas), Jens Birgerson (CEO, ROCKWOOL), and Preben Sunke (CFO, Danish Crown).

102. The central role played by the notion of competitiveness, is particularly prominent in chapter 6 with the title: ‘We must be able to compete’. Dansk Industri, Danmark tilbage til fremtiden, 88–111.

103. Dansk Industri, Danmark tilbage til fremtiden, 32.

104. Nolte, “A Different Sort,” 11.

Additional information

Funding

The work was supported by the Riksbankens Jubileumsfond.

Notes on contributors

Julian Lamberty

Julian Lamberty, born 1986, received his PhD in 2017 and has since worked as a postdoc on different research projects and as curator at the Danish Museum of Industry. His research has focused on various aspects of Danish history in the most recent decades, with an emphasis on the history of universities and business history.

Jeppe Nevers

Jeppe Nevers, born 1978, received his PhD in 2008 and is currently Professor of Modern History at the University of Southern Denmark. He has published widely on topics in modern Danish and European history, with an emphasis on political history, business history, and conceptual history.

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