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Research Articles

The Swedish Salt Market during the Great Northern War

Pages 191-206 | Published online: 13 May 2009
 

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to examine the effects of the great naval blockade on the Swedish salt market during the Great Northern War (1700–1721). Whether or not salt can be perceived as a strategic good subject of wartime shortage is important in interpreting the reasons behind the famous Swedish Navigation Act of 1724. New research claims that the Navigation Act was a welfare enhancing institution, as it helped to secure salt imports. This essay shows that although Sweden was at war with most European Great Powers and the subject of sea blockades during the Great Northern War, the salt market still worked remarkably well. Neither supply nor salt movements show any signs of a great crisis. Thus, there was no need to secure salt imports during the period of peace that followed. Consequently, the Swedish Navigation Act had little to do with welfare but more with rent seeking and monopolies on the freight market.

Notes

1Tegengren, Helmer, Försök till saltproduktion i Sverige och Finland på 1500-, 1600- och 1700-talen, Historisk tidskrift för Finland, vol. 19, 1934: 19.

2Carlén, Stefan, Staten som marknadens salt. En studie i institutionsbildning, kollektivt handlande och tidig välfärdspolitik på en strategisk varumarknad i övergången mellan merkantilsim och liberalism 1720-1862. Diss., Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 1997, 1; Heckscher, Eli, Svenskt arbete och liv. Stockholm: Bonniers 1941, 27.

3Olson Jr., Mancur, The Economics of the Wartime Shortage. A History of British Food Supplies in the Napoleonic War and in World Wars I and II. Durham, NC: Duke University Press 1963, 14–16.

4Heckscher, Eli, Ekonomioch historia. Bonnier: Stockholm 1922, 170.

5Heckscher, Ekonomi och historia, 239.

6Heckscher, Ekonomi och historia, 233.

7Carlén, Staten som marknadens salt, 262.

8Carlén, Staten som marknadens salt, 269.

9Högberg, Staffan, Utrikeshandel och sjöfart på 1700-talet. Stapelvaror i svensk export och import 1738-1808. Diss., Stockholm: Bonniers 1969, 222.

10Carlén, Staten som marknadens salt, 269.

11Carlén, Staten som marknadens salt, 286.

12Lindblad, J. Thomas, Sweden's Trade with the Dutch Republic 1738-1795. Assen: Van Gorcum 1982, 16; Ekegård, Einar, Studier i svensk handelspolitik under den tidigare frihetstiden. Diss., Uppsala 1924, 384.

13Heckscher, Ekonomi och historia, 185.

14Ekegård, Svensk handelspolitik, 386.

15Ekegård, Svensk handelspolitik, 387.

16Heckscher, Ekonomi och historia, 209.

17Ekegård, Svensk handelspolitik, 289.

18Heckscher, Ekonomi och historia, 203.

19Kumlien, Kjell, Sverige och hanseaterna: studier i svensk politik och utrikeshandel. Stockholm: W&W 1953, 319.

20Lindblad, Sweden's Trade, 13.

21Bachmanson, Anders, Arcana oeconomiæ et commercii. Stockholm 1730.

22Magnusson, Lars, Korruption och borgerlig ordning: naturrätt och ekonomisk diskurs i Sverige under frihetstiden, Uppsala Papers in Economic History, vol. 20. Uppsala 1989, 11.

23Axelson, Gustaf Edvard, Bidrag till kännedom om Sveriges tillstånd på Karl XII:s tid. Diss., Uppsala: Uppsala universitet 1888, 227.

24Ericsson, Peter, Stora nordiska kriget förklarat: Karl XII och det ideologiska tilltalet. Diss., Studia Historica Upsaliensia, Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 2002, 22.

25Ericsson, Lars, Lasse i Gatan: Kaparkriget och det svenska stormaktsväldets fall. Lund: Historiska media 1997, 30; Chance, J.F. The Northern Question in 1718, English Historical Review, vol. 21, 1906: 461.

26Ericsson, Lasse i Gatan, 30.

27The material used in this section to chart the salt imports to Stockholm consists of ledgers over a special surcharge to the customs duties (tolagsjournaler). All notations of salt imports have been noted. A total number of 604 entries concerning salt have been recorded. The ledgers contain 1000–2000 pages yearly, with each page containing anything from one entry up to 30. The largest single salt entry is 3995 barrels. The smallest entry is one barrel. Surcharge ledgers covering the Great Northern War start in 1714, although they exist for earlier and later periods. Ledgers from eight different years have been examined (1714–1721).

28Almquist's figures for the amount of toll paid for foreign trade (a proxy for trade turnover) show that in 1691 Stockholm's trade was eight times Gothenburg's. In 1710 the difference was five times and in 1715 it had shrunk to three times. See Almquist, Helge, Göteborgs historia. Grundläggningen och de första hundra åren. Del II. Enväldets och det stora nordiska krigets skede (1680-1718). Skrifter utgivna till Göteborgs stads trehundraårsjubileum. Göteborg 1935, 472.

29Lind, Ivan, Göteborgs handel och sjöfart 1637-1920, Skrifter utgivna till Göteborgs stads trehundraårsjubileum. Göteborg 1923, 20.

30Lindeberg, Gösta, Svensk ekonomisk politik under den görtzka perioden. Diss., Lund: C.W.K. Gleerup 1941, 349.

31Lindeberg, Svensk ekonomisk politik, 357.

32Carlén, Staten som marknadens salt, 295.

33Lindeberg, Svensk ekonomisk politik, 326.

34Six per cent of all salt imports were carried out by ship captains with crew

35Lindeberg, Svensk ekonomisk politik, 359.

36Heckscher, Ekonomi och historia, 186.

37Ekegård, Svensk handelspolitik, 161.

38Ekegård, Svensk handelspolitik, 169.

39Ekegård, Svensk handelspolitik, 168.

40Heckscher, Ekonomi och historia, 186, 204.

41Carlén, Staten som marknadens salt, 269.

42Olson, Economics, 19.

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