Influence of several fungicides on the antioxidant activity of red wines (var. Monastrell)

Abstract

The antioxidant activity of wines obtained from grapes treated with six fungicides (famoxadone, fenhexamid, fluquinconazole, kresoxim-methyl, quinoxyfen and trifloxystrobin) was investigated. Two field trials in triplicate were carried out for each formulation of the fungicide at the recommended dose of the manufacturer. The first trial was carried out under good agricultural practices (GAP), following the recommended pre-harvest interval, and the second one under critical agricultural practices (CAP) that involves treating the same field just before the harvest. The residue levels were determined by gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass detectors (GC-MS and LC-MS). The antioxidant activity was determined in the wines obtained from the thirteen trials including one control, six from treated grapes obeying the pre-harvest interval, and six from grapes treated at the day of harvest or at most unfavorable conditions. Elimination of 40–100% of the initial fungicide residues present in grapes was observed during the wine-making process. It can be inferred from the results that the use of these fungicides did not produce any decrease of the antioxidant activity in the wines (7.19 ± 0.22 mmol Trolox/L for the blank wine versus a range of 6.45 ± 0.82 mmol Trolox/L to 10.06 ± 0.59 mmol Trolox/L for the treated wines) at the pre-harvest interval and most unfavorable conditions. Nevertheless, the presence of famoxadone, kresoxim-methyl and quinoxyfen increased the antioxidant activity and this was directly related to their residue levels in the grapes. Also, the wine phenolic composition was altered in variable intensity by the presence of the fungicide residues.

Keywords:

• Antioxidant activity
• fungicides
• wine
• good agricultural practices (GAP)
• critical agricultural practices (CAP)
• phenolic composition

Acknowledgments

Special thanks to the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science for financial support and to the Regional Agency for Science and Technology of the Region of Murcia (Fundación Séneca) for its Ph.D. Fellowship Programme.

Notes

^a % active ingredient.

^b Applied dose.

^c Active ingredient/Ha.

^d Pre-harvest interval.

^a mg/kg for grapes and mg/L for wine.

^b Antioxidant activity in mmol Trolox/L.

^a Famoxadone;

^b fenhexamid;

^c fluquinconazole;

^d kresoxim-methyl;

^e quinoxyfen;

^f trifloxystrobin;

^g significant differences (p ≤ 0.05);

^h color intensity;

ⁱ total polyphenol index;

^j anthocyanins;

^k tannins;

^l catechins.

^a Famoxadone;

^b fenhexamid;

^c fluquinconazole;

^d kresoxim-methyl;

^e quinoxyfen;

^f trifloxystrobin;

^g significant differences (p ≤ 0.05);

^h color intensity;

ⁱ total polyphenol index;

^j anthocyanins;

^k tannins;

^l catechins.