Spatial and seasonal distribution of selected antibiotics in surface waters of the Pearl Rivers, China

Abstract

The distribution and occurrence of 15 antibiotics in surface water of the Pearl River System (Liuxi River, Shijing River and Zhujiang River) and effluents of four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated in two sampling events representing wet season and dry season by using rapid resolution liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-MS/MS) in positive ionization mode. Only eight antibiotics (sulfadiazine, sulfapyridine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, roxithromycin, erythromycin-H₂O and norfloxacin) were detected in the water samples of the three rivers and the effluents. The detection frequencies and levels of antibiotics in the dry season were higher than those in the wet season. This could be attributed to the dilution effects in the wet season and relatively lower temperature in the dry season under which antibiotics could persist for a longer period. The levels of the detected antibiotics in different sites are generally in a decreasing order as follows: Shijing River ⩾WWTP effluent ⩾Zhujiang River ⩾ Liuxi River. Risk assessment based on the calculated risk quotients showed that only erythromycin-H₂O and roxithromycin detected in the Pearl Rivers might have adverse effects on aquatic organisms.

Keywords:

• Antibiotics
• surface water
• risk assessment
• Pearl Rivers

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC40771180, 40688001 and 40821003) and Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (8251064004000001). Thanks also to XJ Xu, XR Ran and ZY Lin from Agilent China for their technical support. This is a contribution No. 1291 from GIG CAS.