Concentration of some heavy metals in organically grown primitive, old and modern wheat genotypes: Implications for human health

Abstract

The concentration of six HMs (Cd, Cr, Co, Pb, Hg and Ni) was analysed in 321 organically grown winter and spring wheat genotypes from six genotype groups, i.e. selections, old landraces, primitive wheat, spelt, old cultivars and cultivars. Also the potential risk of individual toxic HM to human health was estimated by using the Hazard Quotient (HQ). Significantly the lowest grain concentration of Cd was found in primitive wheat as compared to all other investigated genotype groups. Intake of HM by consumption of whole wheat grain was not found to pose a health risk to human for any of the investigated genotype groups. The bio-concentration factor of Cd for the different genotype groups indicated a lower ability to accumulate Cd for primitive wheat as compared to other genotype groups. The primitive wheat was found the most promising and might be of interest in future wheat breeding programs to develop wheat genotypes with low HMs concentration in the grain.

Keywords:

• Bio-concentration factor
• spring and winter wheat
• environment
• locations
• hazard quotient
• health risk
• cadmium
• lead
• cobalt
• chromium.

Acknowledgments

This project was supported by SLF “The Swedish Foundation for Agricultural Research.” The authors are thankful to Higher Education Commission Pakistan (HEC) for financial support and Tommy Olsson from Lund University for his technical assistance.