Analysis of aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands in kraft mill effluents by a combination of yeast bioassays and CG-MS chemical determinations

Abstract

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) ligands also known as dioxin-like compounds, constitute a substantial part of the total toxicity from many pollution sources, including pulp mill effluents. The aim of this article was to evaluate dioxin-like activity in different kraft mill effluents by a combination of yeast bioassays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) chemical analysis. The study includes kraft mill effluents from three sources of raw material: Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus globulus and a combination of both (50% each). The Recombinant Yeast Assay (RYA) showed an effective concentration of AhR ligands more than 30-fold higher in Eucalyptus globulus than in Pinus radiata effluents. Our results suggest that specific ligands, rather than the total amount of extractive material, determined the observed activity. Analysis of extract composition by GC-MS indicated that moderately hydrophobic aromatic compounds were likely responsible for the observed dioxin-like activity. In particular, benzaldehyde derivatives appeared as candidates for eliciting the observed dioxin-like activity in pulp mill effluents, giving their structural properties and their high concentration in AhR ligand-rich samples.

Keywords:

• Pulp mill effluents
• recombinant yeast assay
• dioxin-like
• compounds
• GC-MS
• ECF kraft pulp

Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by Fondecyt 1120664 and CONICYT-CSIC grant (Folio: 2007-138) and by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CGL2008-01898, AQUATOXIGEN). Also S. Chamorro thanks to Post Doctoral Fondecyt No. 3120216 and FEBS for Initiative for the Recovery of Chilean Science.