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Abstract
Use of pharmaceuticals in animal production may cause an indirect route of contamination of food products of animal origin. This study aimed to assess, through mathematical modelling, the transfer of pharmaceuticals from contaminated soil, through plant uptake, into the dairy food production chain. The scenarios, model parameters, and values refer to contaminants in emission slurry production, storage time, immission into soil, plant uptake, bioaccumulation in the animal's body, and transfer to meat and milk. Modelling results confirm the possibility of contamination of dairy cow's meat and milk due the ingestion of contaminated feed by the cattle. The estimated concentration of pharmaceutical residues obtained for meat ranged from 0 to 6 ng kg−1 for oxytetracycline, from 0.011 to 0.181 μg kg−1 for sulfamethoxazole, and from 4.70 to 11.86 μg kg−1 for ketoconazole. The estimated concentrations for milk were: zero for oxytetracycline, lower than 40 ng L−1 for sulfamethoxazole, and from 0.98 to 2.48 μg L−1 for ketoconazole. Results obtained for the three selected pharmaceuticals indicate a minor risk for human health. This study showed that supply chain modelling could be an effective tool in assessing the indirect contamination of feedstuff and animal products by residues of pharmaceuticals. The model can easily be adjusted to other contaminants and supply chain and, in this way, present a valuable tool to underpin decision making.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Linda Stolker from RIKILT (Institute of Food Safety), Wageningen University and Research Centre, for her contribution to this study.
Funding
This project was financially supported by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and the FP7 project FOODSEG (266061/2011).