Dissipation of difenoconazole in apples used for production of baby food

ABSTRACT

Dissipation of fungicide difenoconazole (3-chloro-4-[(2RS,4RS;2RS,4SR)-4-methyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]phenyl 4-chlorophenyl ether) was studied following its application on apples intended for production of baby food. The apples (varieties: Jonagold Decosta, Gala and Idared) were sprayed with the formulation to control pathogens causing fungal diseases: powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha ELL et Ev./Salm.) and apple scab (Venturia inaequalis Cooke/Aderh.). A validated gas chromatography-based method with simultaneous electron capture and nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC-ECD/NPD) was used for the residue analysis. The analytical performance of the method was highly satisfactory, with expanded uncertainties ≤ 19% (a coverage factor, k = 2, and a confidence level of 95%). The dissipation of difenoconazole was studied in pseudo-first-order kinetic models (for which the coefficients of determination, R², ranged between 0.880 and 0.977). The half-life of difenoconazole was 12–21 days in experiments conducted on three apple varieties. In these experiments, the initial residue levels declined gradually and reached the level of 0.01 mg kg⁻¹ in 50–79 days. For the residue levels to remain below 0.01 mg kg⁻¹ (the maximum acceptable concentration for baby foods), difenoconazole must be applied approximately 3 months before harvest, at a dose of 0.2 L ha⁻¹ (50 g of an active ingredient per ha).

KEYWORDS:

• Difenoconazole
• residue
• dissipation
• apple
• baby food
• gas chromatography

Funding

This study was supported by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego), project ID: SRZ-09.

ORCID

Stanisław Walorczyk http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6801-0163