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ABSTRACT
Zeolites are often used as adsorbents materials and their loaded cations can be exchanged with metal ions in order to add antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to use the 4A zeolite and its derived ion-exchanged forms with Zn2+, Li+, Cu2+ and Co2+ in order to evaluate their antifungal properties against Fusarium graminearum, including their capacity in terms of metal ions release, conidia germination and the deoxynivalenol (DON) adsorption. The zeolites ion-exchanged with Li+, Cu2+, and Co2+ showed an excellent antifungal activity against F. graminearum, using an agar diffusion method, with a zone of inhibition observed around the samples of 45.3 ± 0.6 mm, 25.7 ± 1.5 mm, and 24.7 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. Similar results using agar dilution method were found showing significant growth inhibition of F. graminearum for ion-exchanged zeolites with Zn2+, Li+, Cu2+, and Co2+. The fungi growth inhibition decreased as zeolite-Cu2+>zeolite-Li+>zeolite-Co2+>zeolite-Zn2+. In addition, the conidia germination was strongly affected by ion-exchanged zeolites. With regard to adsorption capacity, results indicate that only zeolite-Li+ were capable of DON adsorption significantly (P < 0.001) with 37% at 2 mg mL−1 concentration. The antifungal effects of the ion-exchanged zeolites can be ascribed to the interactions of the metal ions released from the zeolite structure, especially for zeolite-Li+, which showed to be a promising agent against F. graminearum and its toxin.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the MULTILAB-UNESC (Multiuser Laboratory from the Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense) and the Laboratories of the Iparque-Parque Científico e Tecnológico for making equipments facility available to us.