Persistence and fate of chlortetracycline in the aquatic environment under sub-tropical conditions: generation and dissipation of metabolites

Abstract

The persistence of chlortetracycline in the aquatic environment, including the generation and dissipation of its metabolites, were investigated over a period of 90 days using microcosm experiments, with a view to establishing the metabolites generated and their persistence under conditions closely resembling the actual aquatic environment in terms of chemical and microbial composition. The concentrations of chlortetracycline and its metabolites were monitored in the water phase as well as the sediment phase. Data are presented showing that the degradation of chlortetracycline in each phase conforms to a triphasic linear rate law, confirming the existence of three speciation forms in each phase, attributed to one free dissolved form, and two colloidal particle adsorbed forms. Data are also presented showing that the two adsorbed forms are the most persistent, with life-times of 204.1 and 20.3 days respectively in the water phase, and 215.1 and 19.8 days respectively in the sediment phase. Life-times of 5.01 and 3.7 days respectively were obtained for the free dissolved forms in the water phase and sediment phase respectively. Data are further presented showing that of the several metabolites of chlortetracycline reported previously, only 4-epi-chlortetracycline and iso-chlortetracycline could be detected, and that these two degradation products undergo microbial mineralization without transformation to other intermediate degradation products in significant or detectable amounts.

Keywords:

• Tetracycline antibiotics
• speciation
• adsorption
• multi-phase kinetic model
• degradation products
• iso-chlortetracycline
• 4-epi- chlortetracycline
• 4-epi-iso- chlortetracycline
• anhydro-chlortetracycline
• zero-order kinetics

Additional information

Funding

This work was carried out with financial support from the Research Board of the University of Zimbabwe. The authors also acknowledge financial support provided by the African Network for the Chemical Analysis of Pesticides (ANCAP) and the International Program in Chemical Sciences (IPICS) to participate in ANCAP conferences and workshops. The authors acknowledge the courtesy of the Chemistry Department of Bindura University of Science Education in availing one of us (PD) the use of their laboratory facility and HPLC equipment.