Cell-Biomaterial constructs for wound healing and skin regeneration

Abstract

Over the years, conventional skin grafts, such as full-thickness, split-thickness, and pre-sterilized grafts from human or animal sources, have been at the forefront of skin wound care. However, these conventional grafts are associated with major challenges, including supply shortage, rejection by the immune system, and disease transmission following transplantation. Due to recent progress in nanotechnology and material sciences, advanced artificial skin grafts―based on the fundamental concepts of tissue engineering―are quickly evolving for wound healing and regeneration applications, mainly because they can be uniquely tailored to meet the requirements of specific injuries. Despite tremendous progress in tissue engineering, many challenges and uncertainties still face skin grafts in vivo, such as how to effectively coordinate the interaction between engineered biomaterials and the immune system to prevent graft rejection. Furthermore, in-depth studies on skin regeneration at the molecular level are still not fully understood; as a consequence, the development of novel biomaterial-based systems that interact with the skin at the core level has also been slow. This review will discuss (1) the biological aspects of wound healing and skin regeneration, (2) important characteristics and functions of biomaterials for skin regeneration applications, and (3) synthesis and applications of common biomaterials for skin regeneration. Finally, the current challenges and future directions of biomaterial-based skin regeneration will be addressed.

Keywords:

• Wound healing
• immune response
• gene expression
• skin regeneration
• tissue engineering
• biomaterials

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the editorial support of Ms. Emily Davis and Ms. Annmarie Dill.

Disclosure statement

There are no competing financial interests to report by the authors in this work.

Additional information

Funding

Funding for this work was provided by the Center for Advanced Surface Engineering, under the National Science Foundation [Grant No. OIA-1457888] and the Arkansas EPSCoR Program, ASSET III.