Does Lifelong Training Temper Age-Related Decline in Sport Performance? Interpreting Differences Between Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data

Abstract

In the face of remarkable aging trends in North American society, organized sport/physical activity is an important vehicle for promoting physical health, and a domain in which long-term participation might mitigate pessimistic trends for age decline. This investigation examined patterns of age-related decline in performance for 45 Masters runners who rigorously trained continuously for at least a decade. Longitudinal data for age and performance were collected for 200 m, 1500 m, and 10 km events retrospectively across participants' careers. Cross-sectional (CS) data representing normal patterns of aging were derived from online archives. Longitudinal data reflected within-participant training effects whereas CS data did not. Second-order regression analyses were performed separately for each data type and quadratic beta coefficients, indicative of accelerated age decline, were compared for CS and longitudinal samples on a within-event basis. Results showed evidence of accelerated decline with advancing age for both samples, although rates for longitudinal samples were moderated for the 200 m and 1500 m events. Findings for the long-distance event were anomalous. Results provide evidence for moderated age-decline in physical performance measures for individuals who sustain engagement in organized sport for lengthy periods. Discussion focuses on methodological considerations for advancing future research that contrasts CS and longitudinal samples, and the importance of encouraging sport involvement opportunities to aging individuals.

Acknowledgments

This research was funded in part by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

Notes

Note. Some participants contributed data to analyses for more than one event. Numbers in rounded parentheses indicate the number of participants within a particular event sample who also contributed data to the 200 m event. Squared parentheses indicate the number of participants within a particular event who also contributed data to the 1500 m event.

Note. m = male; f = female; SEM = standard error of the mean.

Note. Significance of the quadratic beta coefficient indicated by *p < .01, **p < .0001. SEM = standard error of mean. For the longitudinal sample, n represents the number of total observed data points across all participants.

Note. m = male; f = female; SEM = standard error of mean.

Note. Significance of the quadratic beta coefficient indicated by *p < .01, **p < .001, ***p < .0001. ns = nonsignificant; SEM = standard error of mean. For the longitudinal sample, n represents the number of total observed data points across all participants.