The role of illness burden in theory of mind performance among older adults

ABSTRACT

Background/Study Context: Theory of Mind (ToM) reflects the ability to reason about mental states in order to understand and predict behavior. Research has identified links between increased pulse pressure, a measure of vascular health, and reduced cognitive ToM in older adults. However, the relationships between other vascular and nonvascular conditions and reduced ToM are unknown. We examined (1) illnesses as predictors of cognitive and affective ToM and (2) neurocognitive mediators of illness burden and ToM. Methods: We used hierarchical regression and mediation to investigate the effects of vascular illness burden (hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and high pulse pressure) and nonvascular illness burden (osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and thyroid dysfunction) on cognitive and affective ToM in N = 86 community-dwelling older adults (59 females; 27 males, M age = 71.74 years). Results: Vascular illness burden emerged as a significant predictor of older adults’ cognitive ToM (R² = .43, p < .001), and this relationship was mediated by executive functioning. Nonvascular illness burden did not predict cognitive nor affective ToM in this sample. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the specific importance of considering vascular health as a risk factor for declines in ToM in later life. Further elucidation of the associations between health, neurocognition, and ToM will be valuable in developing effective interventions for older adults given the high prevalence of vascular illness in later life.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported in part by a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC-410-2010-0407) grant awarded to Dr. Wendy Loken Thornton. Laura C. Walzak was supported by a Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) Graduate Fellowship. The authors extend their gratitude to members of the SFU Cognitive Aging Lab for assistance with data collection and to the participants of this study who generously provided their time and effort.