Estimating time-varying treatment switching effect using accelerated failure time model with application to vascular access for hemodialysis

Abstract

Vascular access for hemodialysis is of paramount importance. Although studies have found that central venous catheter (CVC) is often associated with poor outcomes and switching to arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and arteriovenous grafts (AVG) is beneficial, it has not been fully elucidated how the effect of switching of access on outcomes changes over time and whether the effect depends on switching time. In this article, we propose to relate the observed survival time for patients without access change and the counterfactual time for patients with access change using an AFT model with time-varying effects. The flexibility of AFT model allows us to account for baseline effect and the prognostic effect from covariates at access change while estimating the effect of access change. The effect of access change over time is modeled nonparametrically using a cubic spline function. Simulation studies show excellent performance. Our methods are applied to investigate the effect of vascular access change over time in dialysis patients. It is concluded that the benefit of switching from CVC to AVG depends on the time of switching, the sooner the better.

Keywords:

• Treatment switching
• time-varying switching effect
• smoothing spline function

MSC:

• 62N99

Acknowledgments

We thank an anonymous reviewer whose comments/suggestions helped improve and clarify this manuscript. We thank Fresenius Medical Care North America for providing deidentified data.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from Fresenius Medical Care North America but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of Fresenius Medical Care North America.

Additional information

Funding

National Science Foundation, Grant DMS-1507620 and National Institutes of Health, Award R01DK130067.