Reproductive factors influencing bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

ABSTRACT

This study examined the relationship between reproductive characteristics and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women who had been referred to the menopause clinics of the National Population and Family Development Board and of the Hospital Kuala Lumpur from July 2011 to January 2012. The participants of this study were 201 postmenopausal Malaysian women aged 45–71 years. Some socio-demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors were recorded. Calcaneal BMD was measured by quantitative ultra-sonography. Correlations of reproductive factors with BMD were assessed by Pearson’s correlation test and multiple regression analysis. Age at menopause was not significantly correlated with BMD, while the years after menopause, age at the first menstrual period, number of pregnancies, and total lactation periods were inversely correlated with it. Among reproductive factors, only the association between lactation duration and BMD remained significant after adjusting for age, body mass index, activity, and calcium intake. The results indicated that except for prolonged total time of lactation, other reproductive factors were not significantly associated with BMD in postmenopausal women.

KEYWORDS:

• Bone mineral density
• osteoporosis
• postmenopausal
• quantitative ultrasound
• reproductive factors

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the staff of menopause clinics in Hospital Kuala Lumpur and the National Population and Family Development Board for their valuable assistance during data collection and also we gratefully acknowledge menopausal women which without their kind cooperation this study would not have been feasible.