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Extirpation and Tribal Reintroduction of Coho Salmon to the Interior Columbia River Basin

Extirpación y reintroducción de salmón plateado por tribus autóctonas en la cuenca del Río Columbia

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Pages 77-87 | Published online: 26 Feb 2014
 

ABSTRACT

Harvest of anadromous salmonids in the Columbia River basin has been fundamental to the nutrition, economy, and cultural and religious beliefs of the regional Native American tribes. Agricultural development, dam construction, urbanization, and overharvest following colonization by European-origin settlers, however, resulted in dramatic reductions in salmon runs and negative impacts to the well-being of tribal peoples. Federal and state fishery agencies attempted to mitigate for the loss and to rebuild some salmonid populations but deemed Coho Salmon of lesser importance for upriver fisheries and allowed them to go functionally extinct. In the mid-1990s, fishery agencies of the Columbia River Treaty tribes spearheaded efforts to reestablish the extirpated Coho Salmon, beginning in the Yakima, Wenatchee, Methow, and Clearwater rivers. The programs were initiated with juveniles from composite lower Columbia River hatchery stocks, acclimated or direct released near potential spawning habitat, then were transitioned to producing juveniles with broodstock collected in-basin. Increasing numbers of fish are now returning to these rivers, a portion of which is the product of natural spawning. Results suggest that the Coho Salmon are adapting to their new environments and founding local naturalized populations.

RESUMEN

la captura de salmónidos anádromos en la cuenca del Río Columbia ha sido fundamental para la nutrición, economía, cultura y creencias religiosas de las tribus nativas de Norte América. El desarrollo de la agricultura, la construcción de presas, urbanización y sobre pesca que siguieron a la llegada de los colonizadores europeos, dieron como resultado reducciones dramáticas de las corridas de salmón y causaron un impacto negativo en el bienestar de la gente tribal. Las agencias pesqueras federales y estatales trataron de mitigar estas pérdidas y de reconstruir algunas poblaciones de salmónidos, sin embargo clasificaron al salmón plateado como de menor importancia para las pesquerías, permitiendo así que llegara a la extinción funcional. A mediados de la década de 1990, tanto las agencias pesqueras como las tribus oriundas del Río Columbia encabezaron esfuerzos para restablecer el extirpado salmón plateado, comenzando con los ríos Yakima, Wenatchee, Methow y Clearwater. Los programas se iniciaron utilizando individuos juveniles de los stocks cultivados en la parte baja del Río Columbia, mismos que se aclimataban o se liberaban directamente cerca de hábitats potenciales para el desove. Posteriormente, en una etapa transitoria, se produjeron juveniles a partir de reproductores recolectados en las cuencas. En la actualidad, cada vez más peces están regresando a estos ríos, una parte de los cuales es el producto de desoves naturales. Los resultados sugieren que el salmón plateado se está adaptando a sus nuevos ambientes y está creando poblaciones locales naturales.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Production of this manuscript was financed in part by the Bonneville Power Administration through the Columbia Basin Accords Project No. 2009-009-00. Numerous tribal fishery agency managers, biologists, and technicians have participated in the Coho Salmon reintroduction programs; however, the authors wish to acknowledge in particular Paul Ward, David Fast, Steve Parker, Tom Scribner, Keely Murdoch (Yakama Nation) and David Johnson, Becky Johnson, Jay Hesse, and Scott Everett (Nez Perce Tribe). The authors also acknowledge the helpful input from two anonymous reviewers and the Fisheries science editor and staff.

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