Exploring the influence factors and improvement strategies of drug polymorphic transformation combined kinetic and thermodynamic perspectives during the formation of nanosuspensions

Abstract

Nanosuspensions can effectively increase saturation solubility and improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs attributed to high loading and surface-to-volume ratio. Wet media milling has been regarded as a scalable method to prepare nanosuspensions because of its simple operation and easy scale-up. In recent years, besides particle aggregation and Ostwald ripening, polymorphic transformation induced by processing has become a critical factor leading to the instability of nanosuspensions. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the influence factors comprehensively and put forward the corresponding improvement strategies of polymorphic transformation during the formation of nanosuspensions. In addition, this review also demonstrates the implication of molecular simulation in polymorphic transformation. The competition between shear-induced amorphization and thermally activated crystallization is the global mechanism of polymorphic transformation during media milling. The factors affecting the polymorphic transformation and corresponding improvement strategies are summarized from formulation and process parameters perspectives during the formation of nanosuspensions. The development of analytical techniques has promoted the qualitative and quantitative characterization of polymorphic transformation, and some techniques can in situ monitor dynamic transformation. The microhydrodynamic model can be referenced to study the stress intensities by analyzing formulation and process parameters during wet media milling. Molecular simulation can be used to explore the possible polymorphic transformation based on the crystal structure and energy. This review is helpful to improve the stability of nanosuspensions by regulating polymorphic transformation, providing quality assurance for nanosuspension-based products.

Highlights

• Polymorphic transformation depends on the intensity and temperature of milling.

• Stress intensities of milling can be elucidated and improved by microhydrodynamics.

• Higher stress intensities of milling perhaps be accompanied by higher temperatures.

• Molecular simulation used in polymorphs is based on crystal structure and energy.

• Molecular dynamics simulations can demonstrate the stability of amorphous forms.

Keywords:

• Nanosuspensions
• polymorphic transformation
• wet media milling
• microhydrodynamics
• molecular simulation

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Funding

The authors express gratitude for the financial support provided by Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Province (No. 2020AAC03140, No. 2022AAC03203), Science and Technology Innovation leading talents in Ningxia Province (No. 2021GKLRLX02).