https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-217X
The current issue of the IETE Journal of Research, Vol 68, No 3, May-June.2022, comprises 70 articles. These articles highlight ongoing research and advancements taking place in the broad areas of computer science, electrical and electronics engineering, electromagnetics, microelectronics, information technology, power systems, biomedical engineering and signal processing.
The first paper in the issue, titled “FPGA Implementation of True Random Number Generator Architecture Using All Digital Phase-Locked Loop” describes a unique approach to designing and implementing a True Random Number Generator (TRNG) using All Digital Phase Lock Loop (ADPLL) on the Artrix-7 (XC7A35T-CPG236-1) FPGA board, with simulations performed using the Xilinx Vivado v.2015.2 design suite. Two ADPLL-based architectures are presented. TRNG with a single ADPLL is recognized as Novel design-1 (ND-1) while TRNG with two ADPLL is recognized as Novel design-2 (ND-2). TRNG with two ADPLL is known as Novel design-2 (ND-2) cascading with another primitive like ring Oscillator combining with Flip-Flop (FF). The randomness of the design architecture's generated bitstream output is validated by passing the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP 800-22 test, demonstrating that the proposed ADPLL-based TRNG is better suited for a variety of industrial applications, including security network systems, cybersecurity, banking security, IIOT, and IOT.
The authors of the article “Relative Design Merits and Trends in Single-Ended Ring Voltage Controlled Oscillators” focus on the single-ended ring oscillator (SERO), which is divided into several groups based on topology and performance. Along with basic architectures, state-of-the-art designs that have been suggested over the years are thoroughly explored, with their relative advantages highlighted. Their results are compared and tabulated in terms of critical design figures, demonstrating that changing current SEROs often necessitates trade-offs between oscillation frequency, power dissipation, tuning range, and phase noise.
The next paper, “Stack-Based Dynamic Resource Access Control Protocol for Real Time Systems,” discusses task scheduling in Real Time Software Systems (RTSS) with resource sharing and a hard deadline. The Stack Based Dynamic Resource Access Control Protocol (SDRP) is a new protocol that reduces the time complexity of the existing Stack Based Resource Sharing Protocol (SRP) and avoids a higher priority activity with no resource requirements from missing its deadline.
In “Cervical Cancer Classification from Pap Smear Images Using Modified Fuzzy C means, PCA and KNN” the authors describe a novel method for the automatic identification of cervical cancer utilizing modified fuzzy C-means, extracting the geometrical and texture features, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and classification. Modified fuzzy C-means demonstrates promising results in segmenting the input image into meaningful parts. PCA is performed to minimize the dimensionality of the data set by maintaining just the uncorrelated features, hence decreasing the algorithm's processing time.
The paper titled “Wideband Vivaldi Antenna for Reduced Radar Cross Section in Stealth Applications” provides a novel design for a reduced radar cross section (RRCS) Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (AVA) working over 4-20 GHz for stealth applications. RRCS is attained by decreasing the metal component of the AVA and incorporating semi-elliptical slots along the antenna's radiating wings. These slots lessen the electromagnetic reflections along the wings of the AVA, resulting in improved RCS values for the proposed antenna.
The paper titled “Adaptive Safe Experimentation Dynamics for Data-Driven Neuroendocrine-PID Control of MIMO Systems” describes a method based on adaptive safe experimentation dynamics (ASED) in which the updated design parameter is modified to accommodate the change in the objective function. The proposed ASED is then utilized to tune the neuroendocrine-PID controller's parameters. The neuroendocrine-PID controller, which is based on the secretion rule of hormone regulation in the human body and is recognized for its high control accuracy, is selected to enhance the conventional PID controller structure for MIMO systems.
The following paper, titled “Wideband Rectangular Double-Ring Nanoribbon Graphene-Based Antenna for Terahertz Communications,” describes a unique wideband nanoribbon graphene-based antenna with double rectangular rings for terahertz (THz) communications. The reported antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth of 26% at the center frequency of 1 THz, a return loss of 24 dB, and an average radiation efficiency of around 44%.
In “WLMS-based Transmission Refined Self-Adjusted No Reference Weather Independent Image Visibility Improvement,” the authors describe a method for removing artifacts from the depth map of a hazy image using a WLMS (Weighted Least Mean Square)based edge-preserved smoothing technique that estimates an artifact-free transmission map. Using a revised transmission estimation and image recovery optical model, original brilliant, clear, and natural image radiance is recovered, and it has been demonstrated to be effective in comparison to the state-of-the-art techniques.
The paper titled “MPPT Based PMSG Wind Turbine System Using Sliding Model Control (SMC) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based Regression Analysis” explains the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected to the wind turbine in order to extract the maximum power using integral sliding mode control and artificial neural networks. The real power produced by a generator is directly proportional to the internal characteristics of the wind turbine, such as TSR (tip speed ratio) and Power Coefficient, among others. It has been demonstrated that ANN is a more efficient and reliable method for extracting maximum power from wind turbines than the sliding mode control technique.
The paper “A New Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Technique for Single-Phase Seven-Level Inverter with Reduced Number of Switches” introduces a new space vector pulse width modulation algorithm for single phase multilevel inverters that includes an efficient algorithm for proper switch selection in different sectors to achieve the desired number of levels in the output voltage. In comparison to a normal cascaded multilevel converter, the suggested method is implemented on a simplified seven level inverter with fewer switches. Simulations and experiments are used to verify the validity of the proposed space vector pulse width modulation approach.
The authors describe a multiband hexagonal patch antenna with a compact dimension of 35 mm x 30 mm utilizing FR4 substrate in “Design of a Multiband Hexagonal Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication Systems.” The proposed patch antenna has four rectangular slots and a circular slot carved onto it, as well as a coaxial feeding network with 50 ohms input impedance. The suggested antenna has good multiband performance at 2.40 GHz, 5.03 GHz, and 8.67 GHz, with return losses of -28 dB, -17 dB, and -22 dB, respectively.
The following work, titled “Improved Position Tracking Performance of Electrohydraulic Actuator Using PID and Sliding Mode Controller,” focuses on the position control of a low velocity servo-controlled electrohydraulic actuator system in an effort to boost system productivity. To eliminate the nonlinearities and uncertainties produced by friction and internal leakages, a sliding mode control (SMC) based on the selection of an appropriate sliding surface and control law is devised. The offered solution is a model-based position control, and it is demonstrated that the proposed design approach is simple and effective. The controller is constructed with an approximation of the system's first-order dynamics. The planned control strategy is compared to conventional PID control to demonstrate the performance of the proposed control method.
The article titled “Asymmetry Switching Behavior of the Binary Memristor” describes a physical model of binary oxide memristor created using the Finite Element Method (FEM). According to the nonlinear ionic transport phenomenon in nanoscale devices for high electric fields, the ion transport through the device is modeled. Using simulations derived from a FEM model, the principal physical mechanisms involved in memristor operation are analyzed. Finally, the effects of device geometry and temperature on the switching behavior of a memristor are examined.
The following paper titled “Evaluating PDOP in Multi-GNSS Environment” proposes formulation of Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) in GPS only environment with 4 satellites using the knowledge of elevation and azimuth of satellites, which has been modified to accommodate multi-GNSS satellite availability without restriction on the number of satellites utilized in the calculation. The excellent match between the PDOP values computed by this technique and the data from GNSS receivers supports the algorithm's applicability for every constellation combination.
In “Tunable Array Antenna with CRLH Feeding Network Based on Graphene,” the authors present a novel design for a compact tunable monopole antenna array employing Composite Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) feeding network. The configuration of the feeding network is Coplanar Waveguide (CPW). In order to achieve tunability in the antenna design, a graphene sheet is placed beneath the CRLH cell. All submitted designs are validated with the electromagnetic solver CST Studio.
The paper titled “Energy Efficient Lightweight Cryptography Algorithms for IoT Devices” describes the hardware implementation outcomes of the PRESENT, AES, ECDH, DH, and RSA cryptography algorithms. The authors have built these algorithms using a conventional UMC-90 nm gate library. Each algorithm has its own architecture, necessitating distinct crypt-analysis approaches, such as brute force, Pollard's Rho, and biclique, for “difficulty to break” measurement. Also, it has been observed that the proposed PRESENT algorithm has a break-attack time complexity of 2 127 for 128-bit key length.
The article titled “Performance Analysis of Reliability-Based Decoding Algorithm for Short Block Length Turbo Codes” proposes a unique performance-improved reliability-based decoding algorithm for short block length Turbo codes. For a given code rate, the suggested technique has a coding gain of 2.45 dB at a BER of 10−3 over an AWGN channel using BPSK modulation. Using a four-state Turbo encoder, the fundamental components of the level-based method, which is driven by reliability as the most important parameter, have been extracted. In this study, the developed algorithm has been applied to several Turbo encoder structures, including 3GPP/LTE and CCSDS Turbo codes, and a thorough analysis has been provided.
The following paper, titled “Alternative Approaches to Program Memristor and Reduce the Effect of Random Telegraphic Noise,” discusses three novel memristive programming techniques, including multiple time single frequency keying (MTSFK), single time multiple frequency keying (STMFK), and multiple time multiple frequency keying (MTMFK), which increase the degree of freedom in memristive circuit design. In addition, a memristor-based frequency shift keying (FSK) demodulator with reduced circuit complexity and chip area is described.
The authors of “A Novel Features Selection Approach with Common Spatial Pattern for EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interface Implementation” describe a novel method for the selection of spatial filters and features in electroencephalography (EEG)-based motor imagery classification. The EEG data analysis is divided into training and test sets. The training set is used to select spatial filters with prominent characteristics. To achieve these features, the EEG of the training set is divided into two subsets, training subset and test subset. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy offers improved classification performance compared to the prevalent methods.
The following paper, entitled “Spectrum Sensing and Resource Allocation for Proficient Transmission in Cognitive Radio with 5G,” proposes a solution to the problem of interference through spectrum sensing and resource allocation that enhances data transmission. The CRN-CSS network is combined with 5G, which is enabled by MIMO-equipped FC, in order to accommodate a large number of users without connectivity loss. CRN-CSS uses OFDM-based data transfer to achieve a higher transmission rate. Balanced K-means (BK-means) clustering method is used to commence the grouping process in an integrated network in order to preserve cooperativeness among SUs.
The article named “Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Crosstalk for Graphene Nanoribbon and Copper Interconnects” covers the issue of a temperature-dependent crosstalk analysis model for rough edge graphene nanoribbon (GNR) and Cu interconnect. Temperature-dependent crosstalk delay and noise analysis for 16 nm technology node (ITRS-2011) is performed on three distinct chips running at different temperatures. The analysis presented by the authors demonstrates that, firstly, by increasing the temperature from 233 K to 378 K and also by increasing the interconnect length from 10 µm to 100 µm, the graphene nanoribbon (GNR) exhibits less crosstalk-induced delay compared with Cu interconnect, and crosstalk noise increases slightly, indicating performance degradation and reliability issues, and secondly, the graphene nanoribbon (GNR) based interconnect produces (%) variation in delay due to crosstalk and crosstalk noise is lesser than Cu interconnect when interconnect length increase from 10 µm to 100 µm by increasing temperature.
A unique, low-complexity joint peak-average-power-ratio (PAPR) reduction and demodulation technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is presented in the paper “Low Complexity Joint PAPR Reduction and Demodulation Technique for OFDM Systems.” To reconstruct the threshold samples at the receiver, the approach uses the properties of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix.
The paper “Test Pattern Generator for MV-based QCA Combinational Circuit targeting MMC Fault Models” discusses the fault model caused by multiple missing cells defects and test generation for these faults in QCA circuits. The authors demonstrated that a single missing cell consideration is insufficient. As a result, testing properties are given for the detection of faults induced by multiple missing cell flaws in QCA devices, primarily Majority Voter (MV). Despite the fact that many advanced ATPGs are available for CMOS technology, this paper proposes an extension of a basic Automatic Test Pattern Generator to demonstrate very special MV-based properties with reference to the test pattern generation process and to pave the way for advanced combinational and sequential ATPGs specific to MV-based QCA circuits.
In “A Disturbance Observer Based Sliding Mode Control for Variable Speed Wind Turbine,” the authors evaluate the performance of a sliding mode control (SMC) scheme based on a disturbance observer (DO) to that of a conventional SMC. To ensure asymptotic tracking of rotor speed even in the presence of disturbances, both techniques are simulated for variable speed wind turbines (VSWT). Two mass models of VSWT, including the damping effect of the rotor's blade and generator, are generated.
The following paper, titled “An Advanced Anti-Windup Control Strategy for MMC-HVDC System,” examines the dynamic performance of an MMC-based, back-to-back HVDC system. The Anti-Windup (AW) control approach is used to offer an energy control strategy for the MMC. This method permits the generation of optimal reference signals for differential current loops, taking into account their dynamic restrictions. The advantages of conventional PI/IP controllers and anti-windup controllers are extracted by combining the two.
The authors describe a design for a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) with enhanced propulsion force profile in “Design and Analysis of a New Improved Force Linear Switched Reluctance Motor for Transit Application.” The proposed motor is made up of a moving translator that allows for direct drive transfer without using mechanical gears. Split-teeth stator structure is present in the stator. In comparison to the number of stator teeth, the proposed motor has more translator teeth. This research introduces a new design methodology for the suggested stator-translator combo.
The following paper, titled “Simultaneously RHCP and LHCP Radiating Polarization Diversity C-Slot Antenna for Mobile Satellite Communications,” describes a new antenna for satellite-based mobile radio systems that communicate with geostationary satellites. The antenna permits both right-handed (RH) and left-handed (LH) circular polarized (CP) waves to be transmitted/received simultaneously over elevation ranges of -200 to -750 and 200 to 750 in the zenith direction. The antenna can act as a polarization diversity transceiver by simultaneously transmitting dual sense CP in non-identical spatial directions. Simultaneous dual sense CP is achieved principally by using a microstrip line to symmetrically excite a C-shaped slot of about one full wavelength.
The paper “Visible Range Characterization of Au/graphene-GaAs Schottky Junctions in MESFET” discusses the simulated visible range characteristics of gold (Au)/graphene-GaAs Schottky junctions in MESFET (Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) junctions under photovoltaic, forward bias, and reverses bias conditions. The devices have a high photo-response in zero bias conditions, a moderate photo-response when reverse bias is added, and zero photo-response when forward bias is applied.
The paper “Microdevices for Low-level Acetone Gas Sensing Using Tungsten Trioxide” describes a method for detecting low-level acetone vapor in human breath, which can be utilized as a biomarker for diabetes early detection. Tungsten trioxide (WO3) has very strong acetone vapor selectivity. Low-level gas vapor detection can be achieved by combining a sensitive device with high-selectivity metal oxides.
The next paper, “On the Stabilization and Stability Domain Estimation of VSC-HVDC Transmission Systems,” shows how to control an HVDC transmission system based on voltage source converters (VSC). The goal of the proposed method is to stabilize the power VSC, which is not linear because it has to meet the needs of power flow and DC bus voltage. Around the working point, a linear and bilinear deviation state space model is used to create the steady state average model for the VSC-HVDC system. Linear and nonlinear polynomial feedback is looked at using the poles placement and Least Squares (LS) methods.
The next paper, “HDL Coder-based FPGA Implementation of a Continuous Discrete Time Observer for Sensorless Induction Machine,” proposes a continuous-discrete time high gain observer (CDHGO) for sensorless control of an induction machine (IM). With only two noisy and under-sampled measurements of the stator current, it is possible to estimate the IM states variables such as the rotor flux, the mechanical speed, and the load torque. Model Sim software is used to test how well the algorithm works.
The paper “Digital Control of Bridgeless Interleaved PFC Boost Converter based on Predicted Input Current” describes digital control of a bridgeless interleaved PFC (Power Factor Correction) boost converter using DSP (digital signal processor) for input current prediction without any current sensing. Complex control methods with current sensing are used to achieve minimum ripple for current and suitable current sharing for interleaved PFC converters, which reduce input current ripple and enhance power rating, making them far more convenient than traditional PFC converters.
The paper titled “Power System Transient Stability Study by Involving Higher Order Corrections in Improved Quadratic Lyapunov Function for Singular Perturbed Model of Synchronous Generator” describes the physical concept of the maximum relative acceleration of a machine in a fault scenario related to the boundary of the stability region. Using singularly perturbed modeling, a quadratic Lyapunov function is developed by extending this method. In contrast to standard energy function methods, the Lyapunov candidate function is a more general energy function with a decaying tendency near the equilibrium point.
The following paper, titled “Performance Analysis of Single-Stage LED Buck Driver Topologies for Low-Voltage DC Distribution Systems,” describes an energy-efficient, single-stage LED Driver topology as a superior alternative to fluorescent lighting used in poultry farms. The proposed topology is a Phase Shifted Buck Converter (PSBC) with smaller passive components. The converter is mathematically calculated and modelled for 24W LED lighting. An experimental prototype of the suggested converter is created, and the findings are validated in terms of cost, energy savings, and energy efficiency in comparison to various existing LED driver topologies, such as Conventional Buck Converter (CBC) and Interleaved Buck Converter (IBC).
The article titled “Estimation of Mixing Coefficients using the Joint Probability Distribution of Mixed Signals” analyzes the source separation problem under the assumption that sources are statistically independent. The information of the mixing model has been extracted and analyzed based on the statistical information of the source signals and the joint probability distribution function (PDF) between the observed signals. It has been noticed that the shape of the joint PDF is quite helpful in defining the mixing coefficients.
In “A 0.8-V, 55.1-dB DR, 100 Hz Low-pass Filter with Low-power PTAT for Bio-medical Applications,” the authors describe a trans-conductor capacitor (Gm −C) filter for front-end processing of bio-medical signals that is power efficient. Proposed is a low voltage, low power transconductor with enhanced output resistance. It operates with a supply voltage (Vdd) of 0.8 V and a transconductance (Gm) of 5.85 nS. A low power Proportional to Absolute Temperature (PTAT) current reference circuit is also constructed to bias the trans-conductor and make Gm temperature independent. The filter's figure-of-merit (FoM) is as low as 4.2 ×10−13 J, which is comparable to filters described in the literature.
The following paper, titled “Direct Torque Control based on Shoot-Through States of an Induction Motor Fed by a Z-Source Three-Level Neutral Point-Clamped Inverter,” describes an adaptive direct torque control for an induction motor fed by a Z-source three-level NPC inverter. The suggested control ensures both buck-boost operation mode and induction motor control simultaneously. For direct torque control, a switching table considering the Z-source structure is constructed. In this context, the Z-source three-level NPC inverter's shoot-through states are applied at each sampling time of the direct torque control. The proposed system is a viable option in the event of voltage sags, as it increases power factor and decreases harmonics. Tests conducted on a digital development board indicate conclusively the practicability and efficacy of the suggested control.
The article titled “Optimized Feature Selection for Identification of Carcinogenic Leukocytes Using Weighted Aggregation-Based Transposition PSO” describes automated leukocyte identification and classification methods based on blood smear images. After identifying leukocytes using color-based clustering, a huge number of features are extracted from the identified leukocytes. Following this, a weighted aggregation-based transposition particle swarm optimization (WATPSO) technique is presented to identify an optimal feature subset that is sufficient for efficiently distinguishing cancerous blast cells and normal cells.
The next article, titled “A Novel Hybrid PAPR Reduction Technique for NOMA and FBMC System and its Impact in Power Amplifiers,” discusses PAPR reduction techniques in NOMA. The author analyses and evaluates the performance of reduction strategies before proposing a selective mapping circular transformation hybrid (SLMCT) strategy. It has been determined that SLMCT is the most effective strategy for improving PAPR and BER performance while decreasing the complexity of PTS technique.
In the paper “Implementation of Metamaterial Loading to Miniaturized UWB Dipole Antenna for WLAN and WiMAX Applications with Tunability Characteristics,” the authors show a double-printed circular slot inscribed hexagonal shape miniaturised dipole antenna representing the ultra-wideband (UWB) characteristics with implementation of linearly tapered feedline. A proposed metamaterial unit cell is used to make a miniaturised UWB dipole antenna for wireless applications like WLAN and WiMAX. By using fractal geometry, dipole elements can be made smaller. In addition, compared to a traditional UWB dipole antenna, the active patch area and antenna volume can be reduced by up to 35.89% and 16.67%, respectively.
Analytical expressions to evaluate the input impedance of a probe-fed (inserted) Equilateral Triangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna (ETDRA) for different modes are presented for the first time, in the paper titled “Analytic Evaluation of Input Impedance of an Equilateral Triangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna.” Theoretical results for TMzmnp mode are validated using observed data from the published literature and data gathered using the 3D EM simulator HFSS for the fundamental mode TMz101. Both theory and measured (and simulated) data accord well.
The article titled “CSRR Embedded CPW Band-Stop Filter” presents topologies for narrowband and broadband notch filters based on complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) in coplanar waveguide (CPW) technology. In these topologies, it has been demonstrated that strong coupling between the resonator and signal line minimizes the radiation loss in the stop-bands. The characteristics of these filters derived from electromagnetic simulations are very similar to those measured on prototypes.
The following work, titled “Dual-band Frequency Surface-Design by Implementing a Simple Design Technique,” describes a novel band-stop periodic element geometry that attenuates incoming 2.4 and 5.8 GHz ISM signals for a wide variety of incidence angles. Minimum 20 dB attenuation is achieved in the appropriate frequency bands. A novel multiband FSS design technique based on layered geometries is utilized to optimize the suggested geometry.
The authors of “A Multi-Layer Circularly Polarized Cavity Backed SIW Beam Steering Array for Satellite Applications” offer a broadband circularly polarized (CP) cavity-backed antenna array for switched beam applications. The antenna array is comprised of four SIW CP slot elements arranged in a 2 × 2 configuration and served by a butler network. In order to enhance the performance of the array's circular polarization purity, SIW antenna elements are successively rotated with regard to one another. The extracted findings indicate that the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 1.9 GHz between 9.08 and 10.96 GHz (∼40%).
The article entitled “Ultra-low Power 0.55 mW 2.4 GHz CMOS Low-Noise Amplifier for Wireless Sensor Network” explains the design topology of a two-stage ultra-low power low noise amplifier (LNA) employing the forward body bias technique for wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. The suggested device leverages 0.13- µm CMOS technology operating at 2.4 GHz. The first and second stages of the LNA utilize the forward body bias approach to consume low power.
The subsequent paper on “Electromagnetic Pulse Sensor” presents a new conceptualized design of the B-dot sensor utilizing a Mobius loop and a detailed design of the Ground Plane D-dot sensors by using an Equivalent Charge Distribution Method, followed by the fundamental, configuration, and calibration methods. In addition, the authors show a prototype of an advanced electric field sensor based on simulation analysis and lightweight Aluminum (Al) Alloy.
In the subsequent paper, titled “Model Order Reduction of LTI Interval Systems Using Differentiation Method Based on Kharitonov's Theorem,” the authors offer a novel method for reducing the higher-order interval system. The suggested lower order interval model is derived using Kharitonov's theorem and the differentiation approach. This method is applicable to both single-input, single-output and multi-input, multi-output interval systems.
Surface waves on the periodic structure induced by the transverse magnetic wave provide excellent power transmission, according to the research “Periodic Metallic Stepped-slits for Entire Transmission of Optical Wave and Efficient Transmission of Terahertz Wave.” For In0.53Ga0.47As substrate, the authors show that if slits are stepped, the incident wave power is transferred into the substrate at the appropriate optical frequency entirely and simultaneously in the terahertz frequency region by 70%. A closed-form analytical model and a numerical finite element method are used to calculate the power transmitted through the proposed structure. It is discovered that as the field intensity in the substrate increases, a structure with an array of stepped-slits (as opposed to uniform-slits) has a frequency range that does not decrease at maximum transmitted power.
In “Kaiser Window Based Blind Beamformers for Radar Applications,” the authors show how to improve the convergence rate of CMA by making its step size adaptable. Then, the authors used Kaiser window on both improved CMA and traditional LS-CMA to get rid of the side lobe levels (SLL). The names of these proposed algorithms are KW-CMA and KWLS-CMA. Computer simulations prove that the proposed beam formers will work.
The following study, “ACO-OFDM with Improved Bandwidth Efficiency over Long Haul and MIMO Optical Fiber Communication Systems,” suggests an improved OFDM system in which information samples are transferred in otherwise discarded negative frames of asymmetrically clipped OFDM (ACO-OFDM). Because ACO-OFDM contains two similar positive and negative OFDM envelopes, clipping does not result in signal information loss. Negative samples with flipped polarity are inserted at the zeros of positive frames or back-to-back with positive frames in time compressed form, resulting in a composite signal with the same frame duration as ACO-OFDM but enhanced transmission power and bandwidth efficiency.
“Computation of Impulse-response Gramian for Interval Systems” presents a Gramian for interval systems. To reduce higher-order interval systems, two methods are employed to evaluate the impulse response Gramian. The first method uses Routh's technique with (α - β) table to find the diagonal impulse response Gramian. The second method uses Inners technique to compute the diagonal elements of the Gramian matrix, whereas Markov parameters determine the off-diagonal elements.
“Compact Co-design of Conformal 4G LTE and mmWave 5G Antennas for Mobile Terminals” presents an integrated design of conformal 4G and 5G MIMO antenna system. The 4G MIMO antenna system consists of compact two-element Composite Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) based Coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed monopole antennas for the class 7 4G LTE band. Two-element high-gain microstrip patch antennas are proposed for mmWave 5G MIMO antenna systems. The conformal CPW fed CRLH Metamaterial (MTM) 4G LTE antenna is 20 × 20 × 0.254 mm3. The suggested antenna has 2.15 dBi forward gain. Also presented is a conformal microstrip fed patch antenna at 28 GHz with 9 dBi forward gain.
A unique kite-shaped chip less RFID tag for low-profile applications is proposed in the paper “A Novel Kite-Shaped Chipless RFID Tag for Low-Profile Applications.” The tag is made up of numerous concentric loop resonators in the shape of a kite. Inserting or removing nested parts yields the appropriate data sequence, with a 1:1 data bit to resonance correspondence. In the spectral domain of the tag, each data sequence is encoded. The proposed tag works in a variety of polarizations and incident angles of electromagnetic waves impinging on it. The tag is built on a Roger RT/duroid® 5880 substrate with a physical dimension of 13.55 × 13.55 mm2 and operates in ultra-wideband (UWB).
The following paper, titled “Convoluted FSS Structure for Shielding Application in X-Band Frequency Response,” describes a compact single-layer frequency-selective surface (FSS) covering the X-band frequency range for use in shielding applications. The suggested FSS structure created with convoluted element printed on both sides of FR4 material exhibits band-stop response across the frequency range of 8 to 12 GHz with a 10 dB insertion loss. The developed FSS has excellent angular stability and polarization independence. The simulated and measured outcomes are in consonance.
The following paper, titled “Design of a Voltage-Controlled Oscillator for Ka-Band Applications,” describes a voltage-controlled oscillator tuned for low phase-noise and low power at the high frequency. The VCO comprises a voltage-to-current converter, a frequency tripler, and a mixer with a band-pass filter. The frequency of the varactor-less VCO is adjusted by the current and voltage of the transconductance cell.
In “Optimal Placement and Sizing for Solar Farm with Economic Evaluation, Power Line Loss, and Energy Consumption Reduction,” the authors provide a mathematical model to gather solar radiation and analyze the photovoltaic panels’ output power (PVs). The simulation is based on two solar panel models, one with a Sun tracker and the other is stationary. The two models are believed to represent differences in the output power of photovoltaics (PVs) based on either solar tracking or fixed installation. Three types of PV output power are simulated: 150 kW, 300 kW, and 600 kW. PVs equipped with a sun-tracker may draw the most amount of radiation, hence producing the maximum amount of output power feasible.
The study titled “Investigation of Thermoelectric Generator with Power Converter for Energy Harvesting Applications” examines the analytical modeling of thermocouple, thermoelectric module (TEM), and TEM with a single switch power converter. The TEM is used in conjunction with a power converter to increase the output voltage to satisfy the load demand. The experimental results are compared with the P-I and V-I curves of a TEM for a temperature differential (ΔT) of 95 °C and 135 °C. The prototype model of the suggested energy harvesting system has been created and tested in the lab to demonstrate its viability.
In the article titled “Application of FOPID-FOF Controller based on IMC Theory for Automatic Generation Control of Power System,” an attempt is made to implement fractional-based internal model control (IMC) for automatic generation control (AGC) of power system. In general, power system models are complex and have higher orders; hence, the IMC controller design technique for AGC is complicated. Model order reduction (MOR) strategies are presented to lessen the effort required to design a controller for a complicated system. These strategies are capable of capturing the dynamics of higher order power systems using lower order models without jeopardizing the system's essential features.
The paper “Flexible and Beam Steerable Planar UWB Quasi-Yagi Antenna for WBAN” describes an Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) Quasi Yagi antenna with beam steering capability for use in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). A driver dipole, a microstrip line to slot-line transition, and four parasitic strips are printed on a very thin substrate with a thickness of 0.2 mm in the proposed antenna. To link the driver dipole to the slot-line, a coplanar strip-line (CPS) is used.
The authors of “Superior Transient Response to Heavy-ion Irradiation by N-channel SOI-iFinFETs” describe the transient response of SOI iFinFETs under heavy-ion radiation conditions. Using calibrated 3-D TCAD simulations, the radiation performance of 14 nm technology node-compliant advanced multi-gate devices such as SOI FinFET and iFinFET is investigated. Under heavy-ion irradiation, the transient response of FinFETs and iFinFETs with various numbers of implanted oxide areas is reported. Under heavy-ion irradiation, the effective fin width and gate length- scaling has also been reported for FinFET and iFinFET devices. Due to the existence of inserted oxide between the fin areas, iFinFETs are better suited for heavy-ion radiation conditions than FinFETs, as demonstrated by the results. Compared to FinFETs, iFinFETs exhibit up to 28% less peak drain current generated by heavy-ion with LET = 10MeV-cm2 /mg.
Design of a Monolithic Inductor and Its Influence on Oscillator Design is the topic of the following paper. It examines the prevalent oscillator topologies, their corresponding RLC circuits, and the impact of inductor performance on oscillator design. The oscillators’ inductors are manufactured using a 180 nm CMOS technology. Inductors are implemented using a P1M6 layer architecture with a 20 kÅ top metal layer. With and without the substrate shield, two-turn twisted and three-turn spiral-shaped inductors are constructed. Due to minimal substrate loss, it has been demonstrated that the twisted form inductor with the floating substrate shield has a higher Q-factor.
The following article, titled “Application of Image Processing Techniques and Artificial Neural Network for Detection of Diseases on Brinjal Leaf,” segments disease-affected lesion areas. In addition, it is demonstrated that the Discrete Wavelet Transform-based Image Fusion approach improves image quality and decreases redundancy. The extracted colour, texture, and structural-based elements of the fused images are input to the ANN for classification, resulting in improved overall performance.
The following paper, titled “Enhancement of Power Quality with Hybrid Distributed Generation and FACTS Device,” discusses the impact of the integration of renewable power plants into the electric network on the level and propagation of harmonics, in addition to the initial harmonics caused by nonlinear loads. Initially, the size of the distributed generators (DG) was selected using the Salp Swarm algorithm (SSA) in an effort to enhance the voltage profile, reduce power losses, and increase generation. In addition, the RET Screen application is used to evaluate a PV and wind power plant's techno-economic feasibility study. Active Power Filter (APF) has been used to increase power quality (PQ) and compensate for harmonics. In addition, a controller for APF has been created to enhance the voltage profile and adjust reactive power and harmonics.
Based on hard problems in coding theory, the authors of the paper titled “A Quantum Resistant Chameleon Hashing and Signature Scheme” present a quantum resistant chameleon hashing and signature scheme. In addition, the system satisfies the security properties of chameleon signature, including collision resistance, semantic security, key exposure flexibility, non-transferability, and unforgeability. It has been suggested that the proposed code-based chameleon signature scheme might be an effective alternative to number-theory-based schemes.
Harmonic suppressed tunable bandpass filter is proposed in the next paper, “Harmonic Suppressed Tunable Bandpass Filter Using Varactor Tuned Stub Loaded Resonator.” Most of the time, tuning a filter changes not only the passband but also the harmonic bands, which makes out-of-band suppression challenging. To get rid of this problem, H-shaped defective ground structures are added to the input and output feed lines without changing the passband performance. A low-cost FR4 substrate is used to make the proposed filter. The results of measurements show that the passband frequency can be tuned from 0.92 GHz to 1.2 GHz with more than 13.6 dB of harmonic suppression up to 6 GHz. Both measured and simulated results agree well.
The next paper, “Fabrication & Characterization of Simple Structure Self Assembled Graphene Oxide based Heavy Metal Ion Sensor,” talks about how a heavy-metal-ion sensor (HMS) with graphene oxide (GO) as the sensing element works. The HMS was built with three electrodes, and GO with concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg/ml to 1 mg/ml was used as the sensing medium. The surface of the working electrode is decorated with GO using the drop-casting technique. In this study, different types of heavy metal ions are used, such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd).
“A 29-dBm OIP3 Dual-Stage Power Amplifier with Analog Pre-Distorter in 0.18μm CMOS for IoT Transceiver,” is the title of the following paper. It is about a linear power amplifier (PA) for the Internet of Things (IoT) that uses little power. An analogue pre-distorter (APD), which is made up of an active inductor, driver amplifier, and RC phase linearizer, is built into the PA. With a continuous wave signal, the PA has a power gain of more than 12 dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz. At the centre frequency of 2.45 GHz, the PA has a gain of 12.5 dB, a peak PAE of 25.6%, and a maximum output power of 13.7dBm. The proposed APD could help reduce the trade-off between maximum linear output power and PAE.
The design of a full adder made with floating-gate MOSFET is shown in the paper “A High-Speed, Low-Power, and Area- Efficient FGMOS based Full Adder.” FGMOS is a multi-input transistor where the input signals are capacitively coupled to the floating gate and the effective threshold voltage can be lowered from its usual value. The voltage on the floating-gate is the weighted sum of the voltages applied to the multiple input gates. In this paper, this feature of FGMOS was used to make a full adder that is fast, uses little power, and uses space well. The performance of a full adder based on FGMOS has been compared to the performance of other full adders that have been written about.
The next paper “Electroencephalogram-Based Pain Classification Using Artificial Neural Networks” presents an investigation of how pain causes changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and suggests the best way to set up a multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) for detecting the pain state. EEG signals were taken from 39 volunteers both when they were at rest and when they were in pain. Parameters in the time, frequency, and wavelet domains are calculated and looked at.
The objective of the final paper “Telecom Spectrum Map of India” is to create a spectrum map of the spectrum that Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) in India won in different auctions from 2010 to 2016 to use for mobile communications. The authors say that the paper is the first of its kind as they took a unique approach for making a spectrum utilization map that shows how the spectrum has been used for mobile communication services in India over the years. The map will help policymakers and service providers pay attention to both the quality and amount of spectrum being used. It can also be used by all parties involved to plan for future spectrum auctions.
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Shiban K Koul
Shiban K Koul is currently an Emeritus Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. He served as Deputy Director (Strategy and Planning) at IIT Delhi from 2012-2016 and Mentor Deputy Director (Strategy & Planning, International Affairs) at IIT Jammu from 2018-2021. He also served as the Chairman of Astra Microwave Products Limited, Hyderabad from 2009-2019 and Dr R P Shenoy Astra Microwave Chair Professor at IIT Delhi from 2014-2019. His research interests include RF MEMS, high frequency wireless communication, microwave engineering, microwave passive and active circuits, device modelling, millimetre and sub-millimetre wave IC design, body area networks, flexible and wearable electronics, medical applications of sub-terahertz waves and reconfigurable microwave circuits including miniaturized antennas. Successfully completed 38 major sponsored projects, 52 consultancy projects and 61 technology development projects. He has authored/co-authored 576 research papers, 18 state-of-the art books, 4 book chapters and 2 e-books. He holds 26 patents, 6 copyrights and one trademark. He has supervised 28 doctoral dissertations and over 100 master's theses. He is a Life Fellow of IEEE and Fellow of INAE and IETE. He is the Chief Editor of IETE Journal of Research, Associate Editor of the International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, Cambridge University Press. He served as a Distinguished Microwave Lecturer of IEEE MTT-S for the period 2012–2014.
Recipient of numerous awards including IEEE MTT Society Distinguished Educator Award (2014); Teaching Excellence Award (2012) from IIT Delhi; Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Young Scientist Award (1986); Top Invention Award (1991) of the National Research Development Council for his contributions to the indigenous development of ferrite phase shifter technology; VASVIK Award (1994) for the development of Ka- band components and phase shifters; Ram Lal Wadhwa Gold Medal (1995) from the Institution of Electronics and Communication Engineers (IETE); Academic Excellence Award (1998) from Indian Government for his pioneering contributions to phase control modules for Rajendra Radar, Shri Om Prakash Bhasin Award (2009) in the field of Electronics and Information Technology, VASVIK Award (2012) for the contributions made to the area of Information, Communication Technology (ICT) and M N Saha Memorial Award (2013) from IETE. Email: [email protected]