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International Review of Sociology
Revue Internationale de Sociologie
Volume 26, 2016 - Issue 3
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Articles

Sport and disability: Pistorius does not fit with the categories

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Pages 513-528 | Received 21 Jan 2016, Accepted 21 Jul 2016, Published online: 20 Sep 2016
 

ABSTRACT

Oscar Pistorius presents a major issue to sports organisations, as exposed in the media. First and foremost, media wrongly perceive him as the first disabled athlete to participate in the Olympic Games. Second, they openly question the legitimacy of his participation mainly based on the inequity introduced by his prosthetic legs. Content analysis, in English and French, of written press, International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) texts, from 2004 to 2012, confirms that Pistorius presents a new puzzle to sports organizations. This is partly because they are not able to determine whether his performances are a result of his body strength or if they are biased by his artificial limbs. Furthermore, when he is competing against able-bodied athletes, sports organizsations put him in a ‘monstrous’ position. Similarly, while categorising him as an ‘athlete’ they do not grant him the characteristic feature of this category: certified comparability of performances to ultimately establish ranks.

RÉSUMÉ

Oscar Pistorius pose un problème aux organisations sportives qu’illustrent très bien les discours médiatiques. D’une part, ils le perçoivent, à tort, comme le premier athlète handicapé à participer aux Jeux Olympiques (JO), d’autre part ils interrogent sa légitimité à concourir avec des « valides ». Une analyse de contenu de la presse écrite anglaise et française de 2004 à 2012, des textes émanant de l’Association Internationale des Fédérations d’Athlétisme (IAAF) et du Tribunal Arbitral du Sport (CAS) montre qu’il pose un problème nouveau aux organisations sportives. Celles-ci ne savent pas déterminer si ses performances sont dues à son corps ou à ses prothèses. Ainsi, lorsqu’il est autorisé à concourir contre des athlètes non appareillés elles le placent dans une situation de « monstruosité » car tout en le catégorisant comme « sportif » elles ne lui octroient pas les caractéristiques de cette catégorie : la comparabilité certifiée des performances qui hiérarchisent les concurrents entre eux.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes on contributors

Eric de Léséleuc is sociologist and University Professor at the Higher National Education Institute for Training and Research for Disability and Special Needs Education in Montpellier. He has a PhD in Social Sciences and Sport, and teaches and directs research on his current main topics: contemporary individualism, social uses of the body, disability, media communication and gender studies, research and visual methodology.

Damien Issanchou is sociologist, affiliated to ‘Santé, Éducation et Situations de Handicap’ (EA 4616 SantÉSiH) at Montpellier University. His PhD dissertation was on media-covered controversies initiated in 2007 by Oscar Pistorius’ participation (double legs amputated athlete with artificial lower limbs) in the Olympic Games.

Notes

1. La lettre T signifie épreuve de course (‘Track’). Le nombre qui suit indique la nature et le degré de l'atteinte corporelle. En l'occurrence ici, 43 correspond à une double amputation tibiale et 44 correspond à une amputation tibiale simple.

2. Les meetings de Glasgow, Rome et Sheffield.

3. ‘Is the fastest man on no legs one of the world’s great sprinters? Or is he merely an engineering marvel who should be kept out of the Olympics?’

4. Voir les chiffres de la participation aux JP (supra).

5. Voir les archives du Centre d'Études Olympiques et notamment, parmi les ressources en ligne, les publications de la ‘ Revue Olympique’ : http://www.olympic.org/fr/news/l-or-pour-la-coree-du-sud-la-legende-pour-neroli-fairhall/202770 [Accessed March 2015].

6. La traduction du concept proposé par K. DePauw, la plus proche en français, serait ‘(In)Visibilité de la Dis-Capacité’ mais il semble que la formulation anglaise est plus claire que la française.

7. On notera néanmoins que la participation de Terence Parkin (nageur sourd) aux JO de Sydney (2000) a été permise grâce à la mise en place d'un départ au flash.

8. Marcellini et al. (Citation2010) notent que la base de données Factiva répertorie 5305 articles publiés, dans toutes les langues, de janvier 2007 à décembre 2008.

9. ‘For the purposes of this Rule, the following shall be considered assistance, and therefore not allowed: […] (e) Use of any technical device that incorporates springs, wheels, or any other element that provides the user with an advantage over another athlete not using such a device.’

10. ‘Pistorius rejects the suggestion his blades are longer than necessary, or that they give an advantage, but critics say the Paralympics already exist for disabled athletes.’

11. ‘The IAAF will not confirm their intentions but they are expected to propose banning the blades […] in time to stop Pistorius.’

12. ‘IAAF secretary-general Pierre Weiss said Pistorius will be contacted with the news that there is no ban and he will not be excluded without scientific evidence against him.’

13. ‘We are looking at how research can be conducted and by whom.’

14. On notera ici que pour les mêmes raisons, il n'y a pas davantage de preuves que Pistorius n'est pas avantagé par ses prothèses.

15. Pour plus de détails sur les indicateurs mobilisés par le professeur Brüggemann voir le rapport du CAS.

16. ‘In total the double transtibial amputee received significant biomechanical advantages by the prosthesis in comparison to sprinting with natural human legs.’

17. ‘[B]ased on current scientific knowledge, it appears to be impracticable to assess definitively whether the Cheetah Flex‐Foot prosthesis acts as more than, or less than, the human ankle and lower leg.’

18. Voir section 1 (supra).

19. [This is] an international Olympic competition for athletes who use advanced prosthetics and other modern assistive devices involving robotic technologies.’ Pour plus de détails, voir : http://www.cybathlon.ethz.ch/ [Accessed March 2015].

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