Insights into how predator diversity, population density and habitat type may affect defensive behaviour in a Mediterranean lizard

Abstract

Various factors may alter anti-predatory responses among conspecifics. Here we assess some of these factors using three populations of a Mediterranean lizard (Acanthodactylus schreiberi) in Cyprus that differ in their habitat type, predator diversity and population density. We expected that predation would affect flight initiation distance (FID; the approach distance allowed to an observer before the lizard flees), escape distance (ED; the distance covered by the lizard from the point an escape attempt starts to the first place the lizard stops) and tail autotomy (autotomy rates, economy of autotomy, post-autotomy tail movement). We also predicted that juveniles, being more exposed to predators, would be more effective in their defensive responses. Our findings suggest that predation and population density appear to be associated with most autotomy traits but were not associated with FID and ED, which are better explained by refuge availability. The only ontogenetic difference was detected in the economy of autotomy: juveniles are more prone to autotomise, possibly because they do not experience such high costs as tailless adult individuals. Our results suggest that anti-predatory responses are influenced by a variety of factors. Unravelling the compound effects of all the factors involved should be the focus of future research.

key words:

• Acanthodactylus
• lizard
• anti-predatory behaviour
• FID
• tail autotomy, ontogeny

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the Cypriot authorities in charge, for their perfect corporation and facilitation, which enabled us to complete this study. The study was carried out according to the Cypriot National Law on Animal Rights and Welfare (Law 55(I)/2013 for Animal Use on Scientific Experiments) and under a permit issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment. We thank Dr Anna-Nicola Chapman for her assistance.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2018.1477836

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Cypriot National Law on Animal Rights and Welfare (Law 55(I)/2013 for Animal Use on Scientific Experiments).