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Notes
1 United Church of Zambia, Inyimbo sha Bwina Klistu (Ndola: Mission Press, 1964).
2 Chuba and Chisanga noted the crudeness of earlier translations. Bwalya Chuba and Joel Chisanga, interview by author, Kitwe, Zambia, September 20, 2008.
3 John V. Taylor and Dorothea A. Lehmann, Christians of the Copperbelt: The Growth of the Church in Northern Rhodesia (London: SCM Press, 1961), 35.
4 Taylor and Lehmann, Christians of the Copperbelt, 29.
5 As a matter of preference, I refer to the two countries by their postcolonial names, Zambia and Malawi, respectively, even when the referent is the pre-independent state.
6 Taylor and Lehmann, Christians of the Copperbelt, 34.
7 R.J.B. Moore, Man’s Act and God’s Act in Africa (London: Livingstone Press, 1940), 56.
8 Tumbuka is a language spoken in both eastern Zambia and western Malawi.
9 Brian Garvey, Bembaland Church: Religious and Social Changes in South Central Africa, 1891–1964 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994), 5.
10 Henrietta Moore, ed., The Future of Anthropological Knowledge, Association of Anthropologists Decennial Conference Series (London: Routlege, 1996), 165.
11 The LMS and PMMS missionaries who worked in Tswana-land are of the same stock as those who went to Zambia. Jean Comarrof and John Comarrof, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism and Consciousness in South Africa (Chicago, IL; London: Chicago University Press, 1997), Vol. 1, 82–85. See also, Robert I. Rotberg, Christian Missionaries and the Creation of Northern Rhodesia 1880–1924 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965), 183.
12 Comaroff and Comaroff, Of Revelation, 29–30.
13 Comaroff and Comaroff, Of Revelation, 1:12.
14 Aylward Shorter, African Culture and the Christian Church: An Introduction to Pastoral Anthropology (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1974), 125–26.
15 Their study is about non-conformist missionaries whom they term “foot soldiers of British colonialism.” Comaroff and Comaroff, Of Revelation, 29–30 and xi.
16 Comaroff and Comaroff, Of Revelation, 29.
17 The work of translation often involves local evangelists and catechists who largely remain unnamed in missionary historiography. My interview with Chuba and Chisanga on the history of the UCZ Bemba Hymn Book is included in Kuzipa Nalwamba, “Înyimbo: Echoes of the Singing Tradition of the Union Church of the Copperbelt,” MTh thesis, Trinity Theological College, Singapore, 2008, 67–69.
18 Lim Swee Hong, “Giving Voice to Asian Christians: An Appraisal of the Pioneering Work of I-Toh Loh in the Area of Congregational Song,” PhD diss., Drew University, 2006, 66.
19 Lim, Giving Voice, 48.
20 Lim, Giving Voice, 66.
21 Hinfelaar records this breakaway movement in chapter five entitled “Women’s Protest: The Lumpa Church.” Hugo Hinfelaar, Bemba-speaking Women of Zambia in a Century of Religious Change (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994), 73–99.
22 Bwalya S. Chuba, “African Culture and Christian Worship in Zambian Protestant Churches,” Master’s thesis, Aberdeen University, 1983, 4.
23 Chuba, “African Culture,” 1.
24 Bwalya S. Chuba, “The Development of Hymnody in Zambia,” PhD diss., University of Edinburgh, 1985, 4.
25 The Ndembu people are said to have the same Luba-Lunda (present day Democratic Republic of Congo) origins as Bembas. See Victor Turner, The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual (Ithaca: Cornwell University Press, 1967). See also Hinfelaar, Bemba Speaking, 80.
26 Carl S. Dudley, Jackson W. Caroll, and James P. Wind, eds., Lessons from Congregational Studies (Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1991), 50.
27 Adrian Hastings, A History of African Christianity 1950–1975, African Studies Series 26 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 280–81.
28 Chuba notes that after 1935, when the Copperbelt movement was coordinated from Mindolo as its center, the hymns sung by migrant workers were compiled (and translated where required) into a Bemba hymn book that came to be popularly known as Mindolo Hymns which was later included in another version of the hymn book in the 1953.
29 See Chuba, “Development of Hymnody,” Appendix.
30 Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Hearing and Knowing: Theological Reflections on Christianity in Africa (Nairobi: Acton Publishers, 2000), 52.
31 Taylor and Lehmann, Christians of the Copperbelt, 255.
32 Johann Buis, “The African Roots of Contemporary Christian Music in America” (lecture, Methodist School of Music, Singapore, July 2007), 2.
33 Buis, “African Roots.”
34 Benezet Bujo, African Theology in its Social Context (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2006), 87.
35 Bujo discusses this aspect in full under the heading “The Support of the Clan community,” in Bujo, African Theology, 115–19. See also Lamin Sanneh, Translating the Message: The Missionary Impact on Culture (Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 2001).
36 Brian Castle, Hymns: The Making and Shaping of a Theology for the Whole People of God–A Comparison of the Four Last Things in Some English and Zambian Hymns in Intercultural Perspective (New York: Peter Lang, 1990).
37 Bujo, African Theology, 118.
38 The word ‘iye’ in Bemba is a sigh, often uttered when awestruck or dumbfounded.
39 Eugene Hillman, Toward an African Christianity: Inculturation Applied (New York: Paulist Press, 1993), 69.
40 Mark J. Hatcher, “Poetry, Singing, and Contextualization,” Missiology 29, no. 4 (2001): 475–87, https://doi.org/10.1177/009182960102900406.
41 Kwame Bediako, Theology and Identity: The Impact of Culture Upon Christian Thought in the Second Century and in Modern Africa (Cumbria: Regnum Books, 1999), 4.
42 Bediako, Theology.
43 Bolaji Idowu, Towards an Indigenous Church (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), 12.
44 Bediako, Theology, 237.
45 Bediako, Theology.
46 In Chapter 7, “The Worship of God,” Mbiti explores African peoples’ response to their spiritual world. See Mbiti, African Religions, 67.
47 Mbiti, African Religions, 67.
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Kuzipa Nalwamba
Kuzipa Nalwamba, a retired ordained minister of the United Church of Zambia, serves in a dual role at the World Council of Churches as Ecumenical Social Ethics lecturer at Bossey Ecumenical Institute and as Programme Executive for Ecumenical Theological Education.