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Articles

Sediment-associated organopollutants, metals and nutrients in the Nechako River, British Columbia: a current study with a synthesis of historical data

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Pages 42-64 | Received 01 Nov 2017, Accepted 23 Sep 2018, Published online: 14 Nov 2018
 

Abstract

The flow-diverted Nechako River is the second largest tributary of the Fraser River which drains 25% of mainland British Columbia, Canada. The watershed provides critical reproductive habitats for anadromous chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) and year-round habitat for the endangered Nechako white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) population. In this study, the chemical quality of sediment in the upper Nechako River and its major tributaries was examined for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), legacy organochlorine (OC) pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphorus and phenoxy acid herbicides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs), labile (exchangeable) metals/metalloids, and major nutrients (N and P). ΣPCB and ΣPBDE were detected in channel bottom sediments at all Nechako River and tributary sites; hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and 4,4′-DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) were also detected at most sites. Organophosphorus and phenoxy acid herbicides were not detected in any samples. While ΣPCB, ΣPBDE, HCB, and 4,4′-DDE concentrations in bottom sediments were always well below provincial and federal guidelines for the protection of aquatic life, concentrations of total labile As (AsT), CrT, CuT, FeT, MnT, NiT, and ZnT in suspended and/or bottom sediments often exceeded provincial threshold effect levels (TEL) and, in some cases, approached or exceeded probable effect levels. Distinct CuT, NiT, PbT and ZnT concentration maxima in suspended sediments were linked to road and urban densities. Historical PCDD, PCDF and PAH data show that concentrations in bottom sediment samples were highest at a site in the lower Nechako River between Miworth and the City of Prince George where PCDD and PCDF concentrations exceeded the interim federal TEL. Nitrogen and P concentrations in bottom sediments were negatively correlated with water velocity and sediment texture; the evidence suggests that reductions in velocity resulting from the 1952 diversion of the Nechako River have increased the nutrient content of bottom substrates.

RÉsumÉ

La rivière Nechako est le deuxième plus grand affluent de la rivière Fraser qui draine 25% de la Colombie Britannique au Canada. Ce bassin versant constitue à la fois un lieu privilégié de reproduction pour les saumons quinnats (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) et pour les saumons rouges (O. nerka), ainsi qu’un habitat permanent pour la population déclinante d’esturgeons blancs (Acipenser transmontanus) de la Nechako. Dans cette étude, la qualité chimique des matières en suspension et du sédiment du lit présents à l’amont de la rivière Nechako et de ses affluents a été étudiée afin de quantifier: les polychlorobiphényles (PCB), les polybromodiphényléthers (PBDE), les pesticides organochlorés (OC), les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (PAHs), les herbicides organophosphorés et de type phenoxy, les polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) et les furanes (PCDFs), les métaux et métalloïdes labiles ainsi que les nutriments majeurs (N and P) dans les sédiments du lit. Les PCB et les PCDE furent détectés dans tous les sédiments de fond de la rivière Nechako et de ses affluents; l’hexachlorobenzène (HCB) et le 4,4′-DDE (dphényldichloroéthylene) furent aussi détectés dans la plupart des sites. Les herbicides organophosphorés et de type phénoxy ne furent détectés dans aucun échantillon. Bien que les teneurs en PCB, PCDE, HCB, and 4,4′-DDE dans les sédiments de lit furent systématiquement sous les limites de recommandations provinciales et fédérales pour la protection de la vie aquatique, les concentrations en As total labile (AsT), CrT, CuT, FeT, MnT, NiT, et ZnT dans les matières en suspension et/ou les sédiments de fond dépassèrent souvent les valeurs seuil pouvant produire un effet (TEL) fixées par la province et, dans certains cas, approchèrent voire dépassèrent les seuils d’effet probable. Les maximums de concentrations en cuivre, plomb, nickel et zinc furent mis en relation avec la densité de routes et de zones urbaines. Les chroniques historiques de PCDD, de PCDF, et de PAH montrèrent que les concentrations les plus élevées dans les sédiments du lit furent atteintes dans la partie aval de la rivière Nechako entre Miworth et Prince George. A cet endroit, les concentrations en PCDD et PCDF dépassèrent les TEL. Les teneurs en azote et en phosphore dans les sédiments apparurent être corrélées négativement avec les vitesses d’écoulement de l’eau et la texture du sédiment; ces résultats suggèrent que la diminution des vitesses, induite par la déviation de la rivière Nechako en 1952, a entrainé une augmentation des teneurs en nutriments dans le substrat.

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Leticia Gaspar, Joseph Gothreau, Kristen Kieta, Wayne Salewski, Richelle Sussbauer, and June and Dennis Wood for their assistance with fieldwork and logistics. We are especially grateful to Dr. Hossein Kazemian, Erwin Rehl and Charles Bradshaw, of UNBC's Northern Analytical Laboratory Services (NALS) facility (Prince George, BC), for lending their technical expertise regarding the analysis of sediment by ICP-MS, and to Aita Bezzola for delineating land-use patterns in the study area by GIS. Caitlin Langford is thanked for undertaking particle size analyses on bottom sediments. Kirsten Anderson (SGS AXYS) was especially helpful in regards to methods selection and logistical support. Thanks are extended to the reviewers and editors; their comments improved the clarity of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by Nechako Environmental Enhancement Fund (NEEF) and Real Estate Foundation of British Columbia grants to PNO and ELP.

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