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Articles

The effect of freeze-thaw cycles on phosphorus release from riparian macrophytes in cold regions

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Pages 160-173 | Received 22 Dec 2017, Accepted 24 Oct 2018, Published online: 10 Feb 2019
 

Abstract

Storage and removal of nutrients by wetlands and riparian areas is an important process in understanding catchment nutrient fluxes and in helping to mitigate current issues of eutrophication in many regions. In cold climates, strong seasonality affects natural wetlands and those constructed for water treatment alike, raising important questions about how ecosystems can be managed to maximize nutrient retention in the landscape, particularly in light of rapid and ongoing wetland loss. This study assessed how freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) affect the release of phosphorus (P) from common riparian macrophytes (Typha spp). The goal was to understand whether the freeze-thaw processes could drive enhanced nutrient release as has been shown for agricultural residues, but which has not previously been assessed in riparian vegetation. Given the rapid expansion of Phragmites australis in parts of the study area, this study also tested the effects of FTC on P release from Phragmites tissue. A common experimental protocol was used across 11 wetlands in three regions of Canada. These results demonstrate the potential for FTCs to induce P release from macrophyte tissue, although this is not observed in all cases. The impact of FTCs on P release was greatest and most consistent when samples were collected earlier in the growing season. Release rates were positively correlated with plant P content. This suggests that the degree of plant senescence may play a role in determining the response to FTCs. Typha and Phragmites showed similar responses to FTCs, suggesting that the importance of this process does not depend on the dominant taxon. Sequential FTCs led to further enhancement of P release from macrophyte tissue. The results from this study suggest that specific management such as harvesting Typha during the growing season, may mitigate the potential for P release due to FTCs.

ResumÉ

Le stockage et la séquestration des nutriments par les zones humides et ripariennes ont des effets importants sur les flux de nutriments et doivent être compris si l'on souhaite résoudre les problèmes actuels d'eutrophisation. Dans les climats froids, une forte saisonnalité impacte à la fois les zones humides naturelles et celles construites pour le traitement de l'eau. Cela pose des questions importantes sur la façon dont il faut gérer les écosystèmes pour maximiser leur capacité à retenir les nutriments, en particulier dans le contexte où la superficie des zones humides diminue rapidement. Cette étude a évalué comment les cycles de gel-dégel (CGD) impactent la remobilisation du phosphore (P) par Thypa ssp, un macrophyte riparien commun. Son but était de mieux comprendre si le processus de gel-dégel peut conduire à une remobilisation accrue des nutriments, comme c'est le cas pour les résidus agricoles. Étant donné l'expansion rapide de Phragmites australis dans certaines portions du site d'étude, l'étude a aussi testé l'effet des CGD sur la remobilisation du P depuis les tissus de Phragmites. Un protocole expérimental commun a été utilisé sur 11 zones humides dans 3 régions du Canada. Nos résultats démontrent que, dans certains cas, les CGD ont le potentiel de remobiliser le P des tissus de macrophytes. L'impact des CGD sur la remobilisation du P était plus élevé et plus systématique dans les échantillons prélevés tôt dans la saison de croissance. Les taux de remobilisation étaient positivement corrélés avec la teneur en P des tiges. Cette observation suggère que le degré de sénescence joue probablement un rôle dans la réponse de P au CGD. Typha et Phragmites ont montré des réponses similaires au CGD, ce qui suggère que le processus de remobilisation ne dépend pas du taxon. Une succession de CGD a provoqué une remobilisation accrue du P depuis les tissus de macrophytes. Ces résultats suggèrent que des actions ciblées, comme la récolte du Typha dans la saison de croissance, pourraient atténuer la remobilisation du P par les CGD.

Acknowledgements

Research was conducted as part of the Linked Undergraduate Experiments on Nutrients (LUGNuts; Casson et al. 2018). Funding was provided by NSERC Discovery Grant to HMB, NSERC Discovery Grant to NJC, faculty start-up (U of S) to CJW, faculty start-up (MU) to RLN, a Laurier Institute for Water Science Research Scholarship (TP, JJV), and the Global Institute for Water Security. We also thank MU undergraduate student Matthew Sauer who contributed to the data discussion, Carlie Elliott and Kim Gilmour for assisting with analyses at the U of S, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful suggestions on improvements to the manuscript.

Author contributions

The study was designed by HMB, NJC, RLN, JJV and CJW. OA, JL, KN and TP conducted the data collection and compilation. CJW led the data analysis, with contributions from NJC. HMB, NJC, RLN, JJV and CJW wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed and provided comments on the final manuscript.

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