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Research Article

Unfolding ‘big’ problems of small water system performance: a qualitative study in British Columbia

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Pages 269-286 | Received 09 Jul 2019, Accepted 17 Jul 2020, Published online: 17 Aug 2020
 

Abstract

In this study, small water systems (SWSs) serve a population of less than 5,000. This paper includes responses to a qualitative questionnaire from 66 SWSs (33% out of 200 SWSs) that identify the major problems within these systems across British Columbia (BC). Focusing on four interrelated components of SWSs (water quality issues, treatment and disinfection, water quality monitoring and water governance challenges), the identified major problems include: insufficient water monitoring programs; inadequate treatment prior to disinfection; insufficient funds to build water infrastructure; high turbidity; iron and manganese in source water; microbial contamination, especially in distribution networks; and high disinfection by-product formation. Based on the findings, the authors recommend implementing efficient water policies suitable for SWSs and strengthening funding support from governments. Developing long-term plans for effective management of water resources, while building strong communication among relevant stakeholders (ie municipal managers, operators and consumers), can also play a significant role in ensuring safe drinking water supplies. The findings can help BC policymakers understand the major problems of SWSs and their root causes.

RÉSUMÉ

Dans cette étude, les petits systèmes d'eau (SWS) desservent une population de moins de 5 000 habitants. Ce document comprend les réponses à un questionnaire qualitatif de 66 SWS (33 % sur 200 SWS) qui identifient les principaux problèmes au sein de ces systèmes en Colombie-Britannique. En se concentrant sur quatre composantes interdépendantes des SWS (problèmes de qualité de l'eau, traitement et désinfection, surveillance de la qualité de l'eau et défis de gouvernance de l'eau), les principaux problèmes identifiés sont les suivants : programmes de surveillance de l'eau insuffisants ; traitement inadéquat avant la désinfection ; des fonds insuffisants pour construire des infrastructures d'eau ; turbidité élevée ; fer et manganèse dans l'eau de source ; contamination microbienne, en particulier dans les réseaux de distribution ; et formation élevée de sous-produits de désinfection. Sur la base des résultats, les auteurs recommandent de mettre en oeuvre des politiques de l'eau efficaces adaptées aux SWS et de renforcer l'appui financier des gouvernements. L'élaboration de plans à long terme pour une gestion efficace des ressources en eau, tout en établissant une communication forte entre les parties prenantes concernées (c'est-à-dire les gestionnaires municipaux, les opérateurs et les consommateurs) peut également jouer un rôle important pour garantir un approvisionnement en eau potable salubre. Les résultats peuvent aider les décideurs de la Colombie-Britannique à comprendre les principaux problèmes des SST et leurs causes profondes.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Marni Turek for helping gather contacts. The authors would also like to thank Interior Health Authority, Island Health Authority and Vancouver Coastal Health Authority for sharing contact information for small water system operators in their respective regions. In addition, the authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the participating regional district, municipality and improvement district water systems operators, managers and engineers across BC for their valuable time in responding to the questionnaire.

Disclosure statement

The authors reported no potential conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

The RES’EAU research network provided funding for this research.

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