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Research Articles

Using the ERA5 and ERA5-Land reanalysis datasets for river water temperature modelling in a data-scarce region

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Pages 93-110 | Received 06 Apr 2022, Accepted 12 Aug 2022, Published online: 30 Aug 2022
 

Abstract

It has become apparent in recent decades that river water temperature can have immediate and lasting impacts on aquatic organisms and their lotic habitat. In rivers that are dammed, there is an opportunity and a responsibility to regulate flows in order to control these temperatures to ensure the survival of the fish and other aquatic life. This paper uses a physically based hydraulic model (HEC-RAS) to run a water temperature component, allowing the thermal model to simulate water temperatures at the same hourly time step as the hydraulic model in a data-sparse region using two meteorological reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and ERA5-Land) as inputs allowing for a full representation of the diurnal cycle. This was achieved by making use of the HEC-RAS controller to automate the calibration and subsequent simulation processes. Results show that these products are able to provide high-quality thermal simulations on a 200 km river system in British Columbia, Canada, obtaining mean absolute errors in validation of 0.66 °C and a root mean square error of 0.84 °C. Some of the boundary conditions seemed to have little effect on downstream water temperatures. This is due to the measured point of interest being far enough downstream of the dam that a thermal equilibrium is reached well before. Simulations using shorter river reaches confirm that long lakes in the study region contribute to the thermal equilibrium being attained. There also seems to be a limit to the advantage conveyed by increased spatial density of the data, as results indicate a form of skill plateau after a certain input data density is attained.

RÉSUMÉ

Il est devenu évident au cours des dernières décennies que la température de l'eau des rivières peut avoir des répercussions immédiates et durables sur les organismes aquatiques et leur habitat. Dans les rivières qui sont endiguées, il existe une opportunité et une responsabilité de réguler les débits afin de contrôler ces températures pour assurer la survie des poissons et des autres formes de vie aquatique. Cet article utilise un modèle hydraulique basé sur la physique (HEC-RAS) pour exécuter une composante de température de l'eau, permettant au modèle thermique de simuler les températures de l'eau au même pas de temps horaire que le modèle hydraulique dans une région pauvre en données en utilisant deux ensembles de données de réanalyse météorologique (ERA5 et ERA5-Land) comme entrées permettant une représentation complète du cycle diurne. Ceci a été réalisé en utilisant le contrôleur HEC-RAS pour automatiser le calibrage et les processus de simulation ultérieurs. Les résultats montrent que ces produits sont capables de fournir des simulations thermiques de haute qualité sur un système fluvial de 200 km en Colombie-Britannique, Canada, obtenant des erreurs absolues moyennes de validation de 0,66 °C et une erreur quadratique moyenne de 0,84 °C. Certaines des conditions aux limites semblent avoir peu d'effet sur les températures de l'eau en aval. Cela est dû au fait que le point d'intérêt mesuré se trouve suffisamment loin en aval du barrage pour qu'un équilibre thermique soit atteint bien avant. Les simulations utilisant des tronçons de rivière plus courts confirment que les longs lacs de la région d'étude contribuent à l'atteinte de l'équilibre thermique. Il semble également y avoir une limite à l'avantage véhiculé par l'augmentation de la densité spatiale des données, car les résultats indiquent une forme de plateau de compétence après avoir atteint une certaine densité de données d'entrée.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Rio Tinto for sharing their HEC-RAS hydraulic model implementation on the Nechako River and associated data (https://riotinto-nechakofacts.herokuapp.com/). The results contain modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2020. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

This paper uses the ERA5 reanalysis dataset produced by Hersbach et al. (Citation2020) and was downloaded from the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=overview.

This paper also uses the ERA5-Land reanalysis dataset produced by Muñoz Sabater (Citation2019) and was downloaded from the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-land?tab=overview.

We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions that helped shape the paper into its current form.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, PG, upon reasonable request.

Additional information

Funding

This study was partially funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) under the Collaborative Research and Development grant CRDPJ-523640-18.

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