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Research Articles

Augmenting environmental flow information with water temperature: case study in Eastern Canada

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Pages 111-131 | Received 05 Apr 2022, Accepted 07 Dec 2022, Published online: 22 Dec 2022
 

Abstract

The increasing global water demand and climate change put freshwater resources and riverine ecosystems at risk of increasing scarcity and conflict in water usage. Stream biota may be confronted with increasing stressful aquatic habitat conditions due in part to increasing water temperatures. In response to these issues, environmental flows play a crucial role in flow assessment, water resource management and the protection of aquatic biota. Environmental flows (eflows), also known as instream flow requirements, refer to the amount of water needed in rivers to maintain a balanced aquatic ecosystem. Recently, the inclusion of river temperature in the assessment of eflows has raised interest, especially in the context of climate change and dam operations, which are altering the river thermal regimes and affecting aquatic habitat. This study focuses on hydrological metrics that can be used to prescribe eflows in Atlantic Canada and Quebec (Eastern Canada). Eflow analyses were conducted jointly with the analyses of river temperatures at 61 sites. The results show that summer environmental flow metrics can be associated with relatively high water temperatures during a period when water withdrawals may be important. Classifying rivers according to their thermal regime during summer low flow periods prior to prescribing an eflow target is therefore recommended.

RÉSUMÉ

La demande mondiale croissante en eau et les changements climatiques mettent les ressources hydriques et les écosystèmes fluviaux sous risque croissant de débits estivaux faibles et de conflits potentiels dans l’utilisation de l’eau. Le biote aquatique des rivières risque d’être confronté à des conditions d’habitat aquatique de plus en plus stressantes, notamment à cause de l’augmentation des températures de l’eau. En réponse à ces enjeux, les débits environnementaux (eflows) jouent un rôle crucial dans l’évaluation des débits, la gestion des ressources en eau et la protection du biote aquatique. Les débits environnementaux, également appelés débits réservés, désignent la quantité d‘eau nécessaire dans les rivières pour maintenir un écosystème aquatique équilibré. Récemment, l’inclusion de la température des rivières dans l’évaluation des débits environnementaux a suscité de l’intérêt. Cette étude se concentre sur les métriques hydrologiques utilisées dans la détermination des débits environnementaux au Canada Atlantique et au Québec (Est du Canada). Des analyses des débits environnementaux ont été menées conjointement avec les analyses des températures de l’eau des rivières sur 61 sites. Les résultats ont montré que les débits environnementaux estivaux peuvent être associés à des températures de l’eau relativement élevées durant une période où les prélèvements d’eau peuvent être importants. Il est donc recommandé de classer les rivières selon leur régime thermique pendant les périodes d’étiage avant de prescrire un débit environnemental.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Claudine Boyer for providing the data sources. The authors wish to thank the Atlantic Salmon Conservation Foundation for its support in establishing the RivTemp database. The authors also thank the following RivTemp contributors for sharing their data and/or for their active participation in collecting river temperature data: Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs (J.-N. Bujold, Direction de l’expertise sur la faune aquatique and Directions régionales de la gestion de la faune of Bas-St-Laurent, Saguenay-Lac- St-Jean, Capitale-Nationale, Côte-Nord, Gaspésie and Nord-du-Québec) ; Institut national de la recherche scientifique ; Conseil de Gestion du Bassin Versant de la Rivière Restigouche, Organisme de Bassin Versant Matapedia Restigouche ; Organisme de Bassin Versant Matapédia-Restigouche and the Listuguj Fisheries Scientific Research Team ; Fisheries and Oceans Canada specifically the Restigouche and Miramichi water temperature database and Daniel Caissie; Hydro-Québec and Ministère de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatique (see http://rivtemp.ca/partners-2/?lang=en for a complete list of all RivTemp contributors).

The authors would like to thank the reviewers of this manuscript for their valuable comments and suggestions, which helped us in improving the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Data availability statement

Daily flow data were obtained from the Canadian Department of Environment and Climate Change using the HYDAT database in the Atlantic Provinces (https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/water-overview/quantity/monitoring/survey/data-products-services/national-archive-hydat.html) and the Department of Environment and climate change (https://www.cehq.gouv.qc.ca/hydrometrie/historique_donnees/default.asp) in Quebec. Temperature data were supplied by Environment Canada and the RivTemp network database (www.rivtemp.ca).

Additional information

Funding

This work was funded by Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

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