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Research Articles

Assessing climate change impacts on North American freshwater habitat of wild Atlantic salmon - urgent needs for collaborative research

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Pages 222-246 | Received 05 Sep 2022, Accepted 23 Dec 2022, Published online: 17 Jan 2023
 

Abstract

Climate change and human activities have dramatically affected all ecosystems inhabited by Atlantic salmon, causing drastic population declines. Change in river temperature dynamics (e.g. daily variability, frequency, and duration of summer maximum, warmer thermal regimes) is of special concern as it impacts growth rates, reproductive success, prey abundance and phenology, timing of migration, and ultimately survival. The Atlantic Salmon Research Joint Venture held a workshop to address the effects of climate change on freshwater habitats of Atlantic salmon and identify research gaps and priorities. Here we summarize the state of the science for three key themes identified by workshop participants: (1) Effects of climate change on in-river habitat conditions, (2) Physiological and behavioral responses of salmon to temperature, and (3) Population-level responses of salmon to climate change. The group highlighted the crucial importance of understanding and monitoring the links between river temperature dynamics and physiological requirements of Atlantic salmon across different life stages and habitat conditions, with a focus on freshwater life stages. Climate change will undoubtedly continue to affect instream habitats across all seasons and render challenging conditions for all freshwater Atlantic salmon life stages. Hence, we call for urgent interdisciplinary collaborations and partnerships among scientists and managers to address the pressing research gaps that require large-scale data integration across life cycle stages and ecosystems. More collaboration between scientists, managers, and interest groups is needed to ensure that fundamental science directly addresses the knowledge-action gap to enhance evidence-based decision-making and conservation.

Climate change and anthropogenic activities are affecting Atlantic salmon habitat characteristics, leading to physiological and behavioral changes that determine both the individual and population level potential for adaptability. Although climate change affects all aspects of the Atlantic salmon life cycle and habitats across the watersheds-ocean continuum, this workshop focused on changes in thermal and hydrological river regimes.

RÉSUMÉ

Les changements climatiques et les activités humaines ont considérablement impacté tous les écosystèmes du Saumon atlantique en provoquant des déclins drastiques de populations. Ces changements modifient la dynamique de la température en rivière tels que la variabilité journalière, la fréquence et la durée du maximum estival et les régimes thermiques plus chauds. Ceci est particulièrement préoccupant puisque la température a un impact sur les taux de croissance, le succès de reproduction, l‘abondance et la phénologie des proies, le moment de la migration et, finalement, la survie. Le plan conjoint de recherche sur le saumon atlantique

(PCRSA) a organisé un atelier afin d’aborder les effets du changement climatique sur les habitats d‘eau douce du saumon atlantique et identifier les lacunes et les priorités en matière de recherche. Dans cet article, nous résumons l‘état de la science pour trois thèmes clés identifiés par les participants de l‘atelier: (1) Effets du changement climatique sur les conditions d‘habitats en rivière, (2) Réponses physiologiques et comportementales du saumon à la température, et (3) Réponses populationnelles du saumon face aux changements climatiques. Le groupe a souligné l‘importance cruciale de comprendre et d’assurer le suivi de la température des rivières et les exigences physiologiques du saumon atlantique pour différents stades de vie et conditions d‘habitat, tout en mettant l‘accent sur les stades de vie en eau douce. Les changements climatiques continueront sans aucun doute d‘impacter les habitats en rivière et créer des conditions difficiles pour tous les stades de vie du saumon atlantique, et ce, pour toutes les saisons. Par conséquent, nous faisons un appel d’urgence pour des collaborations interdisciplinaires et des partenariats entre scientifiques et gestionnaires afin de combler les lacunes actuelles de la recherche qui nécessitent une intégration de données à grande échelle pour tous les stades de vie et les écosystèmes. Une plus grande collaboration entre les scientifiques, les gestionnaires et les groupes d‘intérêt est nécessaire afin de garantir que la science fondamentale comble directement le fossé entre les connaissances et l‘action afin d‘améliorer la prise de décisions fondée sur les faits.

Acknowledgements

This paper is the outcome of a workshop that was led by Dr. Normand Bergeron (INRS) and Dr. Carole-Anne Gillis (Gespe’gewaq Mi’gmaq Resource Council, GMRC). The event was part of a series of workshops financially supported by the Atlantic Salmon Research Joint Venture (ASRJV) initiative. Additional logistical support was provided by the Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur le saumon atlantique (CIRSA).

We thank all participants for their contributions, listed here by affiliation at the time of the workshop: Dalhousie University: Barret Kurylyk; Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada: Daniel Caissie, Guillaume Dauphin, Patricia Edwards; Hydro-Québec: Patricia Johnston; Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement: Mathieu Buoro; INRS-CIRSA: André St-Hilaire, Anik Daigle, Claudine Boyer, Sébastien Ouellet-Proulx, Yannis Terranti; Memorial University: Marie Clément; Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs: Julien April; Mount Allison University: Andrea Morash, Suzie Currie; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Fisheries: Lisa Crozier; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research: Bror Jonsson; Nova Scotia Salmon Association: Edmund Halfyard; United States Geological Survey: Christian Torgersen; Université Laval: Benoit Turcotte; University of Massachusetts: Stephen McCormick; University of New Brunswick Canadian Rivers Institute: Allen Curry, Antoin O’Sullivan, Emily Corey, Tommi Linnansaari. Finally, we thank Emilie Beaulieu, the graphic designer who brought our ideas to life for .

Disclosure statement

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare

Data availability statement

This paper summarizes the information presented in the workshop and provides additional original material supported by the listed references. All figures are original work from the authors. Specific information about the workshop (agenda and presentation summaries) is available upon request.

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