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Original Articles

Time Series Analysis of Long-term Terrestrial Water Storage over Canada from GRACE Satellites Using Principal Component Analysis

, &
Pages 161-170 | Received 23 Jul 2015, Accepted 08 Oct 2015, Published online: 30 Mar 2016
 

Abstract

Abstract. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical technique widely used in remote sensing, yet few studies have addressed the physical meaning of component images. Using PCA, this study analyzed the long-term (2003–2013) monthly terrestrial water storage (TWS) over Canada time series dataset from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. The principal components were physically explained through establishing the mathematical relationship between the pixel values of a component image and the correlation coefficients between the original data and the loadings of the component image. It is found that the 1st component of the data represented the long-term TWS trend over the study period. The 2nd component represented the monthly variation of TWS. The 3rd and the 4th components reflected the spatial and temporal anomalies of TWS. The 1st component contained 49.3 % of the TWS variance. The first 4 components explained a total of 87.1 % of the data variance. The TWS changes captured by the PCA were largely contributed by the changes in precipitation over Canada. This study provides an approach for physically interpreting the principal components and their loadings in PCA.

Résumé. L’analyse en composantes principales «principal component analysis» (PCA) est une technique statistique largement utilisée en télédétection, mais peu d'études ont examiné le sens physique des images composantes. Cette étude a analysé, sur une longue période (2003–2013), des séries chronologiques de données mensuelles de stockage de l’eau terrestre «terrestrial water storage» (TWS) du Canada à partir de la mission «Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment» (GRACE) en utilisant PCA. Les composantes principales ont été expliquées physiquement en établissant une relation mathématique entre les valeurs numériques des pixels d'une image composante et les coefficients de corrélation entre les données originales et les charges de l'image de composante. Il se trouve que la 1er composante des données représentait la tendance à long terme de TWS au cours de la période d'étude. La 2e composante représentait la variation mensuelle de TWS. La 3e et 4ème composantes reflétaient les anomalies spatiales et temporelles de TWS. La 1er composante contenait 49.3 % de la variance de TWS. Les 4 premières composantes ont expliqué un total de 87.1 % de la variance des données. Les changements dans les précipitations à travers le Canada ont largement contribués aux changements TWS capturés par PCA. Cette étude fournit une approche pour interpréter physiquement les composants principaux et leurs chargements en PCA.

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