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Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing
Journal canadien de télédétection
Volume 45, 2019 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Ecologically-Based Metrics for Assessing Structure in Developing Area-Based, Enhanced Forest Inventories from LiDAR

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Pages 88-112 | Received 16 Jan 2019, Accepted 24 Apr 2019, Published online: 30 May 2019
 

Abstract

The authors developed a series of ecological metrics (EM) based on mechanistic principles for quantifying light detection and ranging (LiDAR) to develop forest inventories. These fall into 5 categories: canopy height, canopy complexity, individual tree attributes, crowding, and abiotic. The authors compared the effectiveness of the EMs with more traditional metrics (e.g., height percentiles) for modeling biomass, tree count, and species. They then examined each model’s ability to transfer to different LiDAR datasets. They found that models based on the EMs performed similarly to those using traditional metrics on a single dataset, while facilitating transference to LiDAR of different density, seasonality, location, and type. Models based on the EMs resulted in an average of 15% less root mean squared error and 331% less bias when transferred, as opposed to traditional metrics. The authors also noted that different EMs were useful for predicting contrasting attributes. Those EMs that quantify height and size were important predictors of biomass. Those that quantify cover, individual tree tallies, shape, and canopy roughness were important predictors of tree count, while those that quantify canopy roughness and sensor parameters were important predictors of species. The authors conclude that the EMs can be useful predictors of forest attributes, and offer analysts better ecological reasoning for LiDAR-based inventories.

RÉSUMÉ

Les auteurs ont développé une série de mesures écologiques (ME) basées sur des principes mécanistes pour quantifier les données LiDAR utilisées pour des inventaires forestiers. Celles-ci se répartissent en 5 catégories: hauteur de la canopée, complexité de la canopée, les attributs de chaque arbre, encombrement et abiotique. Les auteurs ont comparé leur efficacité aux mesures plus traditionnelles (p. ex. les percentiles de hauteur) pour la modélisation de la biomasse, ainsi que le décompte d’arbres et d’espèces. Ils ont ensuite examiné la capacité d’adaptation de chaque modèle à différents ensembles de données LiDAR. Ils ont trouvé que les modèles basés sur les MEs sont aussi performants que ceux utilisant les paramètres traditionnels sur un même ensemble de données, mais ils facilitent l’emploie de données LiDAR acquises avec des caractéristiques variées (densité, saison, lieu et type). Les modèles MEs ont donné des RMSE plus petits de 15% en moyenne et des biais de 331% inférieurs par rapport aux paramètres traditionnels lorsque transférés. Les MEs quantifiant la hauteur et la taille se sont avérés d’importants prédicteurs de la biomasse. Celles quantifiant la couverture, les bosquets individuels, la forme et la rugosité de la canopée sont d’importants prédicteurs du décompte d’arbres, tandis que celles quantifiant la rugosité du canopée et les paramètres du capteur sont d’importants prédicteurs de l’espèce. En conclusion, les MEs sont utiles pour prédire les caractéristiques de la forêt et offrent aux analystes une approche écologique pour des inventaires basées sur des données LiDAR.

Author contributions

Elias Ayrey designed this study, developed the methodology, performed the analysis, and wrote the manuscript. Daniel J. Hayes assisted in writing the manuscript, aided in conceptualization, and supplied laboratory and computing resources. Shawn Fraver provided extensive revisions, methodological advice, and aided in conceptualization. John A. Kershaw Jr. provided revisions and methodological advice. Aaron R. Weiskittel provided revisions and methodological advice.

Acknowledgments

We thank Bruce Cook and NASA Goddard’s G-LiHT team for the use of their LiDAR. We thank the U.S. Forest Service’s Penobscot Experimental Forest for the use of their LiDAR and field inventory data. We thank the New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands, Caroline A. Fox Research and Demonstration Forest for the use of their CFI field plot data.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Data availability statement

Computer code for this work can be found online at https://github.com/Eayrey/Ecological-Metrics.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station, Publication Number 3668. This project was supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, McIntire-Stennis project number ME0-41907 through the Maine Agricultural & Forest Experiment Station.

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