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Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing
Journal canadien de télédétection
Volume 45, 2019 - Issue 5
208
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Research Articles

Tinker, Mapper, Soldier, Spy – Captain Henry Elsdale’s Pioneering 1882–83 Experiment with Small Balloons and Vertical Aerial Photography in Halifax, Canada

Pages 603-617 | Received 13 Jun 2019, Accepted 01 Aug 2019, Published online: 03 Sep 2019
 

Abstract

The first aerial photography trials in Canada took place at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1882 and 1883. They are attributed to an Englishman, Captain Henry Elsdale (1842–1900) of the Royal Engineers Corps. He experimented with a lightweight camera and a small, tethered balloon to successfully acquire a series of vertical aerial photographs of the Citadel Hill area of Halifax. The concept of miniaturization of his apparatus and its skillful airborne deployment is echoed some 130 years later in the proliferation of unassisted aerial vehicles and aerial imaging. This paper addresses three aspects. The first includes an appreciation of Elsdale as an early leader of aerial photography and related experimental activities involving a semi-autonomous airborne device. His original documentation of the effort, including scope, technical challenge and outcome, establish him as a remote-sensing protagonist who clearly anticipated the utility of vertical aerial imaging. The second aspect focuses on the examination of locale and content of the 1883 aerial photography and a comparison with contemporary geo-spatial representations of Halifax. Finally, documentation and outcome of those air photo experiments are reviewed in the context of similar efforts in Europe and North America, ascertaining the strikingly modern vision of Henry Elsdale to innovate surveillance practices for military and civilian application.

RÉSUMÉ

Les premiers essais de photographie aérienne au Canada ont eu lieu à Halifax, en Nouvelle-Écosse, en 1882 et en 1883. Ils sont attribués à un Anglais, le capitaine Henry Elsdale (1842–1900) du corps des Royal Engineers. Il a expérimenté avec une caméra légère et un petit ballon captif l’acquisition d’une série de photographies aériennes verticales de la colline de la Citadelle à Halifax. Le concept de miniaturisation de son appareil et son habile déploiement aéroporté se répercute 130 ans plus tard dans la prolifération de véhicules aériens non assistés et d'imagerie aérienne. Cet article aborde trois aspects. Le premier consiste à apprécier Elsdale en tant que premier chef de file de la photographie aérienne et des activités expérimentales connexes impliquant un dispositif aéroporté semi-autonome. Sa documentation originale sur l'effort, y compris la portée, le défi technique et les résultats, fait de lui un protagoniste de la télédétection qui a clairement anticipé l'utilité de l'imagerie aérienne verticale. Le deuxième aspect est axé sur l’examen de la localisation et du contenu de la photographie aérienne de 1883 et la comparaison avec les représentations géospatiales contemporaines de Halifax. Enfin, la documentation et les résultats de ces expériences de photographie aérienne sont passés en revue dans le contexte d’efforts similaires menés en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, révélant ainsi la vision étonnamment moderne de Henry Elsdale d’innover les pratiques de surveillance pour des fins militaires et civiles.

Acknowledgments

Colin Werle provided research assistance and reproductions of the 1883 Glacis Barracks photograph held at the National Archive of Canada facilities in Ottawa. Jonathan Fowler and Sara Beanlands of Halifax offered helpful observations regarding potential archaeological features revealed in that air photo. The staff of the Royal Engineers Museum Library and Archive (REMLA) in Gillingham, UK were instrumental in retrieving documentation on Elsdale and his experiments in Halifax. The comments of two anonymous reviewers have improved the manuscript and are gratefully acknowledged. One of the reviewers provided much appreciated pictorial evidence of the 1883 Halifax Citadel air photo.

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