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Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing
Journal canadien de télédétection
Volume 45, 2019 - Issue 5
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Research Articles

Comparison of Grassland Phenology Derived from MODIS Satellite and PhenoCam Near-Surface Remote Sensing in North America

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Pages 707-722 | Received 17 Apr 2019, Accepted 21 Sep 2019, Published online: 05 Nov 2019
 

Abstract

Ground validation of satellite-based vegetation phenology has been challenging because ground phenology data are sparsely distributed and mostly observed from limited numbers of plant species at discrete phenophases. The recently developed PhenoCam network has measured continuous growth of vegetation canopy greenness that can be used to validate satellite-based vegetation phenology across a variety of plant functional types. In this study, we used PhenoCam green chromatic coordinate (GCC) in North America to evaluate grassland phenology derived from three types of MODIS vegetation indices: the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and a per-pixel GCC (GCCpp) which was computed to describe the average vegetation color at the pixel level. The start of greenness (SOG), end of greenness (EOG), and length of greenness (LOG), and the dates for detailed seasonal dynamics for each site-year were compared. Our results indicate that MODIS VIs can be used to predict phenological metrics and seasonal dynamics in grassland greenness measured from PhenoCam GCC. More importantly, we quantified the difference between SOG, EOG, and LOG and seasonality estimated from satellite and near-surface remote sensing and discovered that GCCpp may be more suitable than NDVI and EVI at estimating dynamics in grassland greenness during senescence.

RÉSUMÉ

La validation au sol de la phénologie de la végétation estimée par satellite est difficile parce que les données phénologiques in situ sont mal distribuées et surtout observées à partir d'un nombre limité d'espèces végétales à des phénophases discrètes. Le réseau PhenoCam récemment développé mesure en continue la croissance du verdissement de la végétation. Il peut être utilisé pour valider la phénologie de la végétation estimée par satellite à travers une variété de types fonctionnels de plantes. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé les coordonnées chromatiques vertes (GCC) en Amérique du Nord de PhenoCam pour évaluer la phénologie des prairies dérivée de trois types d'indice de végétation MODIS: l'indice de végétation de différence normalisée (NDVI), l'indice de végétation amélioré (IVI) et l’indice GCC par pixel (GCCpp) qui a été calculé pour décrire la couleur moyenne de la végétation au niveau des pixels. Le début du verdissement (SOG), la fin du verdissement (EOG) et la longueur de la période végétative (LOG) et les dates de la dynamique saisonnière détaillées pour chaque année ont été comparées. Nos résultats indiquent que l’indice MODIS IVI peut être utilisé pour prédire les mesures phénologiques et la dynamique saisonnière des prairies à partir de PhenoCam GCC. Plus important encore, nous avons quantifié la différence entre les indices SOG, EOG, et LOG et la saisonnalité estimée à partir de données satellites et observées près de la surface Nous avons découvert que GCCpp peut être plus approprié que NDVI et EVI pour estimer la dynamique de verdissement des prairies au cours de la sénescence.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Canadian Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) project: Integrating measures of grassland function using Remote Sensing and the NSERC Discovery Grant: Hydrological thresholds in depression storage and contributing area for low-relief landscapes. The authors thank the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for access to the PhenoCam Dataset v1.0 and NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC for access to MODIS NBAR data.

The authors thank the Northeastern States Research Cooperative, NSF’s Macrosystems Biology program [awards EF-1065029 and EF-1702697], DOE’s Regional and Global Climate Modeling program [award DE-SC0016011], the US National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program and the USA National Phenology Network [grant number G10AP00129 from the United States Geological Survey], and the USA National Phenology Network and the North Central Climate Science Center [cooperative agreement number G16AC00224 from the United States Geological Survey] for their support of the development of PhenoCam. Research at Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed is funded by the USDA-ARS. The Kendall Ameriflux core site is also supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. The US-Kon site acknowledges support from the LTER program at the Konza Prairie Biological Station [DEB-0823341], and the U.S. Department of Energy [under a subcontract from DE-AC02-05CH11231]. Research at the Continental Divide PhenoCam Site in Butte, Montana is supported by the National Science Foundation-EPSCoR grant [NSF-0701906], OpenDap, Inc., and Montana Tech of the University of Montana. Research at the Lethbridge Grassland Ecosystem site is supported by NSERC [grant RGPIN-2014-05882] to L.B. Flanagan.

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