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Articles

Gendered perceptions of time among parents: family contexts, role demands, and variation in time-stress

Pages 241-261 | Received 18 Sep 2012, Accepted 20 Feb 2013, Published online: 08 Aug 2014
 

Abstract

The perception of time-stress is investigated among parents using 2005 Canadian General Social Survey data employing the time crunch index, also known as the index of time-stress, as developed in the work of Robinson and Godbey and used extensively as a measure in other national survey data. Multiple theoretical perspectives are employed to investigate effects on time-stress using ordinary least squares regression. Gender perspectives on time-use, including Hochschild and Machung’s account of the female double burden and the second shift, are used to interpret results. Findings suggest that parental time-stress is highly patterned by gender, household characteristics, childcare demand characteristics, and daily time-use. Theoretically, relevant conditional relationships were tested and demonstrate the impact of gender, employment status on time-stress, and interesting variation based on day of week and the age of the youngest child in the household.

La perception du rapport entre le temps et le stress a été étudiée auprès des parents en utilisant les données de l’enquête sociale générale menée au Canada en 2005, moyennant l’indice de manque de temps, aussi connu comme l’indice de temps-stress, tel qu’il a été élaboré dans le travail de Robinson et Godbey et employé largement comme une mesure dans d’autres données d’enquêtes nationales. Des perspectives théoriques multiples ont été présentées pour étudier les effets sur le rapport de temps-stress en utilisant la régression de la méthode des plus petits carrés ordinaires. Les notions du genre masculin ou féminin dans l’emploi du temps, y compris l’exposé de Hochschild et Machung du double fardeau des femmes et du deuxième quart de travail, ont été utilisées pour interpréter les résultats. Les conclusions suggèrent que le rapport entre le temps et le stress auprès des parents est fortement modelé par le genre masculin ou féminin, les caractéristiques des ménages, les caractéristiques des exigences de garde d’enfants, et l’emploi du temps quotidien. Les relations conditionnelles théoriquement pertinentes ont été testées et démontrent l’impact du genre masculin ou féminin, du statut d’emploi et de la variation intéressante basée sur le jour de la semaine et l’âge de l’enfant le plus jeune dans le ménage.

Notes

1. Investigation of variance inflation factors confirmed that multi-collinearity was not problematic in analyses.

2. OLS is also preferred since using GLM to estimate time-stress would have violated the Poisson assumption of statistical independence of the n observations, given that, by definition, the indexed response is comprised of measures that are highly correlated and reliably internally consistent; responses to which cannot generally be considered counts.

3. All two-way interactions with gender were tested and other interactions among predictors were explored.

4. A separate model, nested within Model Four, and omitting the two-degree of freedom specification of the gender by eldercare interaction, was tested by Anova of the incremental F-value and this test did not yield a finding of overall significance for this interaction.

5. The three-way interaction between gender, day of week, and age of child was tested and not significant.

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