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Abstract
Although Japan and Taiwan rebuilt their trade relations shortly after the KMT retreated to Taiwan, the Government of Japan (GOJ) was not deeply involved in postwar Taiwan’s economic development until the mid-1960s. This paper traces how the rhetoric of ‘economic cooperation’ with Taiwan was shaped and evolved within the GOJ. Aside from supporting the U.S.’ cold war policy, the GOJ turned positively to the KMT’s demand for economic cooperation in this period as a means of solving the diplomatic crisis resulting from its increased trade with mainland China. Moreover, after the diplomatic crisis, the GOJ continued to use economic cooperation with Taiwan as part of its diplomatic toolbox to reshape its China policy. By connecting postwar Japan’s utilization of development diplomacy with its China policy, this paper contributes a more comprehensive picture of how Japan tried, as a positive actor, to balance its relationship with mainland China and Taiwan within the U.S.’ cold war strategy framework.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes
1 ‘Minutes of the Discussion Meeting’, 7 Nov. 1966, Taipei, Institute of Modern History (IMH), Academia Sinica (AS), CIECD Central File, Zhongri jishu hezuo jihua (the Plan of Sino-Japanese Technological Cooperation), 36-10-013-001.
2 About U.S. aid to Taiwan, see Neil Jacoby, U.S. Aid to Taiwan: A Study of Foreign Aid, Self-Help, and Development (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966); Nancy Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong and the United State: 1945-1992 (New York: Twayne, 1994); Nick Cullather, ‘Fuel for the Good Dragon: The United States and Industrial Policy in Taiwan, 1950-1965’, Diplomatic History, 20, 1 (1996), 1-25; Chiang Min-Hua, ‘The U.S. Aid and Taiwan’s Post-War Economic Development, 1951-1965’, African and Asian Studies, 13 (2014), 100-20; Ethan B. Kapstein, ‘Private Enterprise, International Development, and the Cold War’, Journal of Cold War Studies, 22, 4 (2020), 113-45.
3 Hong Shaoyang, ‘1950 niandai tairi jingji guanxi de chongqi yu tiaozheng (The Restart and Adjustment of Taiwan-Japanese Economic Relations in the 1950s)’, Taiwanshi yanjiu (Taiwan History Studies), 23, 2 (2016), 165-210; Yamada Atsushi, ‘1950nendai niokeru nihon no Taiwan yushutsu (the Export from Japan to Taiwan in the 1950s), Ningen bunka kenkyu, 16 (2011), 119-32; ‘1950nendai nihon shosha no Taiwan saishinshutsu (Japanese Trade Companies’ Re-entry to Taiwan in the 1950s)’, Ningen bunka kenkyu, 18 (2012), 213-22. Some scholars have emphasized the connections between the postwar Japanese development model and its colonial origins, but even they did not take Taiwan, a former Japanese colony, into consideration. See Aaron S. Moore, ‘The Yalu River Era of Developing Asia, Japanese Expertise, Colonial Power, and the Construction of Sup’ung Dam’, The Journal of Asian Studies, 72, 1 (2013), 115-39; Hiromi Mizuno & Aaron S. Moore & John Dimoia (ed), Engineering Asia: Technology, Colonial Development, and the Cold War Order (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018).
4 See Louise Conrad Young, ‘Rethinking Empire: Lessons from Imperial and Post-imperial Japan’, in Martin Thomas & Andrew Thompson (ed), the Oxford Handbook of the End of Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 1-23.
5 Zhang Shuguang, Beijing’s Economic Statecraft During the Cold War 1949-1991 (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014); Amy King, China-Japan Relations after World War Two: Empire, Industry and War, 1949-1971 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016); Li Enming, Zhongri minjian jingji waijiao (Sino-Japanese Civil Economic Diplomacy)1945-1972 (Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe, 1997); Soeya Yoshihide, Japan’s Economic Diplomacy with China, 1945–1978 (Oxford: Claredon Press, 1998); Inoue Masaya, Nicchu kokko seijyoka no seijishi (A Political History of the Sino-Japanese Normalization), 1951-1972 (Nagoya: Nagoya University Press, 2011); Kawashima Shin & Shimizu Urara & Matsuda Yasuhiro & Yang Yongming, Nittaikankeishi (A History of Japan-Taiwan Relations): 1945-2008 (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 2009).
6 Krisiti Govella, ‘The Adaptation of Japanese Economic Statecraft: Trade, Aid and Technology’, World Trade Review, 20, 2 (2021), 191.
7 Postwar Japan’s ‘Economic Cooperation’ (Keizaikyoryoku) includes capital assistance such as bilateral official loans, donations to international development organizations, long-term credit supported by the Export-Import Bank, and technological assistance such as training trainers from developing countries and dispatching Japanese experts or setting up technological centers. The foreign aid was decided by the so-called ‘system of the four ministries (Yonshocho Taisei)’, namely the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), the Ministry of Finance (MOF), and the Economic Planning Agency (EPA). Implementation was carried out by the following agencies: The Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF, supervised by EPA); The Export-Import Bank of Japan (entirely owned by GOJ and supervised by MOF); The Overseas Technical Cooperation Agency (OTCA, supervised by the MOFA). About the aid administration, see Jin Sato, ‘The Benefits of Unification Failure: Re-examining the Evolution of Economic Cooperation in Japan’, JICA-RI Working Paper, 87 (2015).
8 David C. Engerman & Corinna R. Unger, ‘Introduction: Toward a Global History of Modernization’, Diplomatic History, 33, 3 (2009), 378.
9 See Inoue Juichi, ‘Sengo nihon no ajiagaiko no keisei (Postwar Japan’s Asian Diplomacy)’, in Japanese Political Science Association (ed), Nihon gaiko niokeru ajiashugi (The Asianism in Japan’s Foreign Policy) (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1999), 129.
10 Dennis T. Yasutomo, ‘Why Aid? Japan as an “Aid Great Power”’, Pacific Affairs, 62, 4 (Winter 1989-1990), 494.
11 John White, Japanese Aid (London: Overseas Development Institute, 1964); Martha Loutfi, The Net Cost of Japanese Foreign Aid (New York: Praeger, 1973); Sukehiro Hasegawa, Japanese Foreign Aid Policy: Policy and Practice (New York: Praeger, 1975); Steven W. Hook & Guang Zhang, ‘Japan’s Aid Policy Since the Cold War: Rhetoric and Reality’, Asian Survey, 38, 11 (1998), 1051-66; Dennis T. Yasutomo, ‘Why Aid? Japan as an “Aid Great Power”’, Pacific Affairs, 62, 4 (Winter 1989–1990), 490-503; Saori N. Katada, ‘Japan’s Foreign Aid After the San Francisco Peace Treaty’, The Journal of American – East Asian Relations, 9, 3/4 (2000), 197-220; Kristi Govella, ‘The Adaptation of Japanese Economic Statecraft: Trade, Aid and Technology’, World Trade Review, 20 (2021), 186–202. Specifically, about the San Francisco system, see Min Gyo Koo, ‘US Approaches to the Trade-Security Nexus in East Asia: From Securitization to Resecuritization’, Asian Perspective, 35, 1 (2011), 37-57; Kent E. Calder, ‘Securing Security through Prosperity: The San Francisco System in Comparative Perspective’, Pacific Review, 17, 1 (2004), 135-57; Eric Heginbotham & Richard J. Samuels, ‘Mercantile Realism and Japanese Foreign Policy’, International Security, 22, 4 (1998), 171-203. About the Burden Sharing, see Robert M. Orr, ‘The Aid Factor in U.S.-Japan Relations’, Asian Survey, 28, 7 (1988), 740-56.
12 See Suehiro Akira, ‘Keizai saishinshutsu he no michi-nihon no taitonanajia seisaku to kaihatsutaisei (The Road to Economic Re-entry: Japan’s Southeast Asian Policy and Development System)’, in Nakamura Masanori & Amakawa Akira & Yun Koncha & Igarashi Takeshi (ed), Sengo kaigaku to sonoisan (The Postwar Reform and Its Legacy) (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1995), 220-22.
13 A report from the U.S. Department of State noted one of Japan’s priorities for its aid relations was the ROC. See ‘Background: Japan, Asia and Aid’, DNSA, Japan and the U.S.: Diplomatic, Security, and Economic Relations, 1960-1976.
14 See Shimizu Urara, Taiwan gaiko no keisei: nikkadanko to chukaminkoku kara no tankan (Formation of Taiwan Diplomacy: Rupture of Diplomatic Relations with Japan and Transition from Republic of China) (Nagoya: The University of Nagoya Press, 2019).
15 See Rana Mitter, ‘State-building after Disaster: Jiang Tingfu and the Reconstruction of Post-World War II China, 1943-1949’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 61, 1 (2019), 176-206.
16 William C. Kirby, ‘Continuity and Change in Modern China: Economic Planning on the Mainland and on Taiwan, 1943-1958’, Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 24 (1990), 121-41; Amy King, ‘Reconstructing China: Japanese Technicians and Industrialization in the Early Years of the People’s Republic of China’, Modern Asian Studies, 50, 1 (2015), 141-174; Hirata Koji, ‘From the Ashes of Empire: The Reconstruction of Muchuko’s Enterprises and the Making of China’s Northeastern Industrial Base, 1948-1952’, in Barak Kusher & Sherzod Muminov (ed), Overcoming Empire in Post-Imperial East Asia: Repatriation, Redress, and Rebuilding (London & New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020), 147-162; ‘Made in Manchuria: The Transnational Origins of Socialist Industrialization in Maoist China’, The American Historical Review, 126, 2 (2021), 1072-101.
17 Bruce Cumings, ‘The Origins and Development of the Northeast Asian Political Economy: Industrial Sectors, Product Cycles, and Political Consequences’, International Organization, 38, 1(1984), 11.
18 This agreement included three documents, namely Trade Agreement between Taiwan and Occupied Japan, Financial Agreement between Taiwan and Occupied Japan and Taiwan-Occupied Japan Trade Plan.
19 Samuel P.S. Ho, ‘Economics, Economic Bureaucracy, and Taiwan’s Economic Development’, Pacific Affairs, 60, 2 (1987), 233.
20 ‘Ishikawashima to Taiwan zaosen to no gijyutsu teikei nikansuru ken (About the Technological Cooperation between Ishikawashima and Taiwan Shipbuilding)’, 1 Jun. 1956, DAMOFA, Honpo tai chukaminkoku keizai gijyutsu kyoryoku kankei (Japanese Economic and Technological Cooperation with ROC), E’.2.1.1.11.
21 Hong Shaoyang, ‘Zhongri hezuo cejinhui dui Taiwan jingjian jihua zhi cujin yu fazhan (1957-1972) (The Committee for Promotion of Sino-Japanese Cooperation and Taiwan’s Economic Development’, Taiwan wenxian, 63, 3 (2012), 91-124.
22 ‘Gaimusho keizaikyoku ashuka: nikka boekikaigi gijiroku daisankai honkaigi showa36nen3gatsu (Asia Division, Economic Affairs Bureau of MOFA: Minutes of Japan-ROC Trade Conference, the Third Round, 3 Apr. 1961)’, 3 Apr. 1961, DAMOFA, Nikka boeki woyobi shiharaitorikime kaigi gijiroku dairokukan (Minutes of Japan-ROC Trade and Payment Conferene, Vol. 6), B’5.2.0. J/C (N)1-1.
23 Li Guoding, Wo de Taiwan jingyan—Li Guoding tan Taiwan caijing juece de zhiding yu sikao (My Taiwan Experience: Li Guoding’s Talk on the Decision Making and Thinking of Taiwan’s Financial and Economic Policy) (Taibei:Yuanliu chuban, 2005), 133.
24 Ye Xuexi, Guoji zijin liuru (The International Capital Flow to Taiwan) (Taibei: Lianjing chuban shiye, 1981), 26.
25 Ezra F. Vogel, China and Japan: Facing History (Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019), 313.
26 Yokoyama Hiroaki, ‘Fuin ga tokasareta Nagasaki kokki jiken no shinso (The Unsealed Reality of Nagasaki Incident)’, Toa (East Asia), 502 (2009), 76-82.
27 ‘Gaimusho ajiakyoku chugokuka: nicchu boeki nikanshi Ogazaki Kaheita shi naiwa no ken (Ogazaki Kaheita’s Private Talk on Sino-Japanese Trade)’, 25 Jul. 1962, Tokyo, Gaikoshiryokan, Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (DAMOFA), Ni chukyo boeki (Japan-CCP Trade), 2013-1628.
28 Amy King, China-Japan Relations after World War Two, 181-83.
29 Zhang Shuguang, Beijing’s Economic Statecraft During the Cold War 1949-1991, 135.
30 Amy King, China-Japan Relations after World War Two, 207.
31 About Japan’s perception of international order, see Kanda Yukata, Translated by Yoneyuki Sugita, Japan’s Cold War Policy and China: Two Perceptions of Order, 1960-1972 (London: Routledge, 2020).
32 ‘From Marshall Green to The Secretary: Japanese Desire to Mention “Separation of Political Matters from Economic Matters” in the Communique’, 9 Jan. 1965, U.S. National Archives and Record Administration (NARA), Record Group (RG) 59, Office of the Country Director for Japan Records Relating to Japanese Political Affairs 1960-1975.
33 ‘Secretary’s Visit to Taiwan, Position Paper’, 16-17 Apr. 1964, RG0059 Department of State Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Office of the Country Director Subject Files 1951-1978, Container 1.
34 ‘Waijiaobu fa xingzhengyuan Chen Xuepin mishuzhang “qiyue liuri rifei maoyi wenti zuotanhui” (Foreign Ministry to the Secretary of Executive Yuan, Chen Xuepin: A Round-table Talk on the Problems of Japan-CCP Trade on 6 Jul.)’, 11 Jul. 1963, IMH, AS, ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs (ROCMFA), Wo duiri yu zhonggong maoyi wenti zhi duice (Our Policy toward the Trade Issues between Japan and CCP), 005.24/0036.
35 ‘Chukaminkoku muke senpaku nobebarai yushutsu jyoken no kanwa nitsuite (Moderation of the Conditions of Deferred Payment for Ships Sold to ROC)’, 5 Apr. 1962, DAMOFA, Japanese Economic and Technological Cooperation with ROC, E’.2.1.1.11.
36 Kitaoka Shinichi, the Political History of Modern Japan: Foreign Relations and Domestic Politics (London: Routledge, 2018), 161.
37 Nisonichiro keizai koryushi shuppan gurupu (ed), Nisonichiro keizai koryushi (The History of Russo-Japanese Economic Contacts) (Tokyo: Toyo shoten, 2008), 53.
38 ‘Gaimusho keizaikyoku: hoso minkan keizai shisetsudan woyobi chukyomuke nobebarai kyoyo no kennikansuru Osaka gaimudaijin to raishawa beitaishi kaidan gijiroku (Economic Bureau of MOFA: Minutes of Osaka and Reischauer about the Economic Mission to Soviet and Deferred Payment to CCP)’, 31 May 1962, DAMOFA, Kawai keizai shisetudan (Kawai Economic Mission), E’.2.5.1.5-1.
39 ‘Gaimusho ajiakyoku chugokuka: nicchu boeki nikansuru ken, Utsunomuya daigishi no naiwa (China Division, Asia Bureau of MOFA: about the Sino-Japanese Trade, Utsunomuya Representative’s Private Talk)’, 9 Aug. 1962, DAMOFA, Nicchu boueki (Sino-Japanese Trade), 2013-1628.
40 Inoue Masaya, Nicchu kokko seijyoka no seijishi, 171-2.
41 ‘Gaimushingikan: sori hobei shiryo, chugokumondai an (Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs: Documents for Prime Minister’s visit to U.S., China Problem, Draft)’, 30 Apr. 1961, DAMOFA, Ikeda hobeikakankei (Ikeda’s Visit to U.S. and Canada), A’0361.
42 Dimitri Vittas & Yoon Je Cho, ‘Credit Policies: Lessons from Japan and Korea’, The World Bank Research Observer, 11, 2 (1996), 277.
43 ‘Cold War: How much trade with the reds?’, 22 Nov. 1963, TIME, http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,898013-1,00.html (last accessed 18 Dec. 2021).
44 About the role of Bureaucracy in Japan’s ODA policy making, see Yoon-Ho Kim, ‘A Bureaucratic Politics Approach to Japan’s Official Development Aid Policy: Ministerial Motives and Their Reflections on the Foreign Aid Expenditures, 1960s–2000’, Journal of International and Area Studies, 18, 1 (2011), 19-48.
45 ‘Gaimusho keizaikyoku tosaitsusansho: chukyo yushutsu nobebarai nikansuru ken (East-West Trade Division, Economic Bureau of MOFA: Deferred Payment of Export to CCP)’, 3 Aug. 1962, DAMOFA, Nicchu boeki (Sino-Japanese Trade), 2013-1629.
46 ‘Nicchu boeki oboegaki woyobi torikime nikansuru sanshokan renraku no ken (Communication among Three Ministries about the Memo and Arrangement of Sino-Japanese Trade)’, 27 Nov. 1962, DAMOFA, 2004-599.
47 Li Enming, Zhongri minjian jingji waijiao, 329.
48 Egami Gou, Tenai inochiari, hyakunensaki kara ga mieta keieisha Ohara Soichiro den (the bibliography of Ohara Souichirou) (Tokyo: PHP kenkyujyo: 2016, digital vision), 2018.
49 Ibid, 2341.
50 ‘Zhonghuaminguo zhuri dashiguan Zhang Lisheng dashi fa waijiaobu di 472 hao dianbao (the Ambassador of ROC in Japan, Zhang Lisheng to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Telegram No. 472)’, 29 Aug. 1963, ROCMFA, Riben Weinilong gongchang shebei zifeian (The Case of Japanese Rayon Company’s Economic Aid to CCP), 005.24/0004.
51 ‘Gaimusho keizaikyoku tosaitsusansho: tai chukyo nobebarai jisshi nikansuru ken (East-West Trade Division, Economic Bureau of MOFA: about the Application of Deferred Payment of Export to CCP)’, 27 Mar. 1963, DAMOFA, Nicchu boueki (Sino-Japanese Trade), 2013-1629.
52 ‘Chukyo muke nobebarai kyoyo nikansuru ken (Deferred Payment of Export to CCP)’, 10 May 1962, DAMOFA, Nicchu boeki (Sino-Japanese Trade), 2013-1629.
53 Ye Xuexi, Guoji Zijin liuru (the International Capital Flow to Taiwan), 26.
54 ‘Riben zhuhua dashiguan fa Li Guoding (The Embassy of Japan to Li Guoding)’, 14 Jul. 1962, CIECD Central File, PSJTC, 36-10-013-001.
55 See Simon Toner, Imagining Taiwan: The Nixon Administration, the Developmental States, and South Vietnam’s Search for Economic Viability, 1969-1975, Diplomatic History, 41 (4), 2017, 772-98.
56 ‘Gaimusho ajiakyoku chukokuka: chogunhishocho no Ohira daijin homon no ken (China Division, Asian Bureau of MOFA: the Secretary Zhangqun’s Visit to the Minister, Ohira)’, 6 May 1963, DAMOFA, Ohira gaimudaijin chukaminkoku homon kankei (the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ohira’s Visit to ROC), A’0395.
57 ‘Gaimusho keizaikyoku tosaitsusansho: tai chukyo nobebarai jisshi nikansuru ken (East-West Trade Division, Economic Bureau of MOFA: about the Application of Deferred Payment of Export to CCP)’, 27 Mar. 1963, DAMOFA, Nicchu boeki (Sino-Japanese Trade), 2013-1629.
58 Telegram No. 480', 5 Sep. 1963, DAMOFA, Nicchu boeki (Sino-Japanese Trade), 2013-1629.
59 Lin Qiumin & Ye Huifen & Su Shengxiong ed., Chen Cheng riji (Chen Cheng Diary) (Taibei: Guoshiguan, 2015), 27-9 Oct. 1963.
60 ‘Ono fukusosai hoka hokoku yoshi (the Abstract of Report of Deputy President’s Visit to ROC)’, 1 Nov. 1963, DAMOFA, Shogaikoku bomeisha kankei zakken, Zhou Hongqing jikken, chukaminkoku taido (Foreign Exiles, Zhou Hongqing Incident and ROC’s Attitude), A’0367.
61 Ibid.
62 ‘Gaimusho ajiakyokucho: chukaminkoku to hanashiaubeki jikko, hatsugenyoshi (Talking Points of Conservation with ROC)’, 17 Jan. 1964, DAMOFA, Ohira gaimudaijin chukaminkoku homon kankei (The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ohira’s Visit to ROC), A’0395.
63 Ibid.
64 Kawashima & Shimizu & Matsuda & Yang, Nittai kankeishi, 81.
65 ‘Gaimusho ajiakyoku chugokuka: hotaihatsugenan (China Division, Asia Bureau of MOFA: the Draft of Talk during the Visit of Taiwan)’, 22 Jun. 1964, DAMOFA, Ohira’s Visit to ROC, A’0395.
66 ‘Gaimusho keizaikyoryokuka: taiwan nitaisuru keizaikyoryoku (Economic Cooperation Division of MOFA: the Economic Cooperation with Taiwan)’, 24 Jun. 1964, DAMOFA, Ohira gaimudaijin chukaminkoku homon kannkei (the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ohira’s Visit to ROC), A’1518.
67 ‘Gaimusho ajiakyoku chugokuka: chugoku montai (China Division, Asia Bureau of MOFA: China Problem)’, 23 May 1964, DAMOFA, Ohira’s Visit to ROC, A’1518.
68 ‘Nichu ryokoku keizaikyoryoku nitsuite (about the Sino-Japan Economic Cooperation)’, 12 Aug. 1964, CIECD Central File, PSJTC, 36-10-013-001.
69 Ito Takashi ed., Sato Eisaku Nikki (Sato Eisaku Dairy) (Tokyo: Asashi Shinbunsha, 1998), Vol. 2, 61.
70 ‘Yoshida shokan nikansuru seifu no kenkai (the Government’s View of Yoshida Letter)’, 5 Feb. 1969, Kasuda Minoru Bunsho (Kasuda Minoru Personal Paper), JDAC, G-1.
71 Japan-US Subjects of Interest, Memorandum of Conversation', 29 Sep. 1964, RG 59, OCDJ/ RRJPA, 1960-1975, Box 1.
72 See Cullather, ‘Fuel for the Good Dragon’, 1-25.
73 Wang Wenlong, Waijiao xiaxiang, nongye chuyang: zhonghuaminguo nongji yuanzhu feizhou de shishi he yingxiang 1960-1974 (ROC’s Technological Aid to African Countries 1960-1974) (Taibei: Guoli zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2004).
74 Japan-US Subjects of Interest, Memorandum of Conversation', 29 Sep. 1964, RG 59, OCDJ/RRJPA, 1960-1975, Box 1.
75 ‘Gaimusho keizaikyoku: chukyo muke nobebarai yuginshikin no tekiyo wo mitomeru baai no nikka keizaikyoryoku kankei (Economic Bureau of MOFA: the Economic Cooperation with Taiwan if Approved the Deferred Payment to CCP by the Export-Import Bank)’, 6 Apr. 1968, DAMOFA, 04-605.
76 CIECD Central File, PSJTC, 36-10-013-002, 411.
77 Jingjibu lianhe kuangye yanjiusuo fa jingjibu (From the Ministry of Economic Affairs Jointed Mining Industry Research Institute to the Ministry of Economic Affairs)', 1 Nov. 1968, CIECD Central File, PSJTC, 36-10-013-001.
78 See Chen Hao, ‘Resisting Bandung? Taiwan’s Struggle for “Representational Legitimacy” in the Rise of the Asian People’s Anti-communist League, 1954-57’, The International History Review, 43(2), 2021, 244-63.
79 ‘Vice President’s Trip to Korea, Jun. 29-Jul. 2 1967, Background Paper, Japan’s Role in Reginal Affairs’, RG59, OCDJ/ RRJPA, 1960-1975, Box 8.
80 Angus M. Fraser & Fred Greene & Rosemary Hayes & Nathan N. White & Joseph A.Yager, Japanese Defense Planning (C)', Jul. 1971, Institute for Defense Analyses, 33, RG59, OCDJ/ RRJPA, 1960-1975, Box 8.
81 ‘Woguo canyu yazhou kaifa yinhang xiangguan shiliao (The Related Resources about Our Country’s Participation of Asian Development Bank)’, http://museum.mof.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=3760&ctNode=41&mp=1 (last accessed 10 Jan. 2022).
82 ‘Diary, 1970-1974’, 104, 8 Sep. 1972, Tokyo, Modern Japanese Political History Materials Room in the National Diet Library, The Shiina Etsusaburo Papers.
83 Paper P-792, Japanese Defense Planning (C)', Jul. 1971, RG59, OCDJ/ RRJPA, 1960-1975, Box 8.
84 ‘Chukoku kacho: chugokumontai nikansuru hokoku (Director of China Division: Report on China Problem)’, 19 Dec. 1970, KMB, JDAC, G-1.
85 ‘Chosabu kikakukacho: shucho hokoku, chugoku montai (Director of Investigation and Planning Division: Business Trip Report on China Problem)’, 22 Dec. 1970, KMB, JDAC, G-1.
86 ‘Chosa shitsucho: chugoku montai nitsuite no iken (Head of Investigation Office: View of China Problem)’, 1 Feb. 1971, KMB, JDAC, G-1.
87 ‘Kikakukacho: chugoku montai shiron (Director of Planning Division: Tentative Analysis of China Problem)’, 4 Feb. 1971, KMB, JDAC, G-1.
88 ‘Sodo kara mita chugokumontai (China Problem from an Outside Perspective)’, 15 Apr. 1971, KMB, JDAC, G-1.
89 Paper P-792, Japanese Defense Planning (C)', Jul. 1971, RG59, OCDJ/ RRJPA, 1960-1975, Box 8.
90 Wada Jun (ed), Minoru Kusuda Nikki: Sato Eisaku Shusho shuseki hishokan no nisennichi (Minoru Kusuda Diary: 2000 days as the Principle Secretary of Prime Minister Sato Eisaku), (Minoru Kusuda Diary) (Tokyo: Chuuo kouron shinsha), 535.
91 ‘Diary, 1970-1974’, 104, 8 Sep. 1972, The Shiina Etsusaburo Papers.
92 Wada Jun (ed), Minoru Kusuda Nikki, 617.
93 ‘Gaimudaijin hatsu chukaminkoku taishi he: Taiwan nitaisuru enshakkankyoyo nitsuite (From the Minister of Foreign Affairs to Ambassador in Taiwan: About the Yen Loan to Taiwan)’, 15 Nov. 1971, DAMOFA, Enshakkan taitaiwan (The Yen Loan to Taiwan), 2013-2335.
94 CIECD Central File, PSJTC, 36-10-013-003, 4, 130, 136.
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Hang Xu
Hang Xu received her PhD from the Universty of Tokyo and is an Associate Professor in the Department of History, School of Humanities at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. Her research interests include postwar East Asian international relations and the history of international development. She has published a monograph and several papers in English, Japanese, and Chinese on postwar Sino-Japanese relations and the politics of infrastructure construction. Her current research project, ‘Power Rising and Financial Diplomacy: Postwar Japan’s Policy on Asian Development Bank’, is supported by the Shanghai Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science.