Usage Guides and Usage Trends in Australian and British English

Abstract

This paper presents a mini-diachronic investigation into the question of whether usage guides (prescriptive or descriptive) affect the evolution of standard written English, using the notions of codification, standardization and hyperstandardization. It examines the commentaries on three variable usage items (-ise/-ize spellings, alright v. all right, and data in singular/plural agreement) in dictionaries, style manuals and usage guides published in Australia and Britain from 1966 to 1995. The treatment of each usage item in terms of prescription/proscription or acceptance is then compared with quantitative evidence of actual usage, using (a) a set of standard corpora (Australian and British) from 1966 to 1995, and (b) twenty-first century data from the internet (Google searches of Australian and UK sites). Changes in relative frequencies of the variants for each pair are then analysed as reflections of the standardization process and/or the putative hyperstandardizing influence of usage commentaries. Despite markedly different treatments in Australian and British references, the trends for the three variable usage items in twenty-first century English are found to be much the same. Hyperstandardization may be seen where prescribed spellings replace the alternatives previously available; but the outcomes for the other variable items suggest they are rationalized by common usage sooner or later, whether the local usage commentary is prescriptive or descriptive.

Keywords:

• Australian English
• Usage Variation
• Standardization
• Hyperstandardization
• Usage Commentary
• Quantitative Evidence

Notes

¹ Analysis of the frequency of all four forms of -ise/-ize verbs (the plain form and forms with -ed. -es, -ing), showed that there were very few examples of the last two in the three corpora.

² Fritz (2010) does not indicate which search engine he used in his searches.

³ Inspection of the instances of all right in the LOB, ACE and ICE-AUS showed that, with very few exceptions, they were used to express the meanings of ‘well enough’, ‘OK’ and ‘for sure’ found with alright. The great majority occurred in scripted or transcribed speech.