Low Fat Intake and Coronary Artery Disease in a Population with Higher Prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease: The Indian Paradox

Abstract

Objective: To determine the association between saturated fat intake and prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and coronary risk factors.

Design and Setting: Total community cross sectional survey of 20 urban streets out of 196 streets, in the city of Moradabad in north India.

Subjects and Methods: Adult population between 25 to 64 years inclusive comprised of 1806 subjects (904 men, 902 women) were divided into three groups according to level of saturated fat intake as assessed by 7-day dietary intake records (very low <7%, low 7 to 10%, high >10% energy (en) per day).

Results: We examined the relationship between CAD risk and levels of % en from fat intake. Low (7 to 10% en/day) and high (>10% en/day) saturated fat were positively and significantly associated with higher prevalence of CAD. The prevalence of coronary risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity and sedentary lifestyle) were significantly higher among subjects with low and high saturated fat intake compared to subjects with very low (<7%) saturated fat intake. Logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age showed that hypercholesterolemia (OR: men 0.89, women 0.68), hypertension (men 0.92, women 0.56), physical activity (men 0.80, women 0.36), obesity (men 0.82, women 0.88) and smoking (0.70 men) were significant risk factors of CAD. Low and high saturated fat intake were associated with more prestigious occupations, higher and middle income status and better educational levels compared to very low saturated fat intake.

Conclusions: The prevalence of CAD and coronary risk factors was higher in urban Indians with low and high saturated fat intake than those with lower saturated fat intake. These findings suggest that the saturated fat intake should be <7% en/day for prevention of CAD in Indians.

• saturated fat
• serum cholesterol
• coronary artery disease
• body mass index

Supported by a research grant from Novartis Foundation of Gerontologic Research, Australia, and Center of Nutrition Research, Moradabad, India.