Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Body Mass Index and Bone Mineral Density in Chinese Freshmen

Abstract

Objective: Our objective was to examine associations between dietary patterns and body mass index (BMI) and bone mineral density (BMD) in Chinese freshmen.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in 1319 college freshmen (aged 18.1 ± 1.2 years old). Diet was assessed by using a validated self-administrated food-frequency questionnaire. Blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured and bone measurements were done using Quantitative Ultrasound System.

Results: Four dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis: Western food, animal protein, calcium food, and Chinese traditional patterns. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and osteopenia/osteoporosis were 8.2% (108/1319) and 28.1% (371/1319). The highest tertile of Western food pattern scores had greater odds of overweight/obesity (highest vs. lowest tertile, odds ratio [OR] = 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–3.22), and the highest tertile of Chinese traditional pattern scores had lower risk of overweight/obesity (highest vs. lowest tertile, OR = 0.65, 95% CI, 0.53–0.80) in an adjusted model. The calcium food pattern and Chinese traditional pattern were negatively associated with the risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis (highest vs. lowest tertile, OR = 0.59, 95% CI, 0.41–0.87; OR = 0.78, 95% CI, 0.55–0.89) after adjusting for confounders.

Conclusion: These findings suggested that there was a positive correlation between Chinese traditional dietary pattern and healthy BMI and BMD and that this same association existed between calcium food pattern and BMD in Chinese freshmen. In contrast, the Western-style diet was negatively correlated with healthy BMI in Chinese freshmen.

Key words:

• dietary pattern
• body mass index (BMI)
• bone mineral density (BMD)
• freshmen

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are sincerely grateful to the staff of the university hospital and School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China.

Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; BMD = bone mineral density; FFQ = Food Frequency Questionnaire; WHR = waist-to-hip ratio; IPAQ-C = International Physical Activity Questionnaire.