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Abstract
Background: Sports nutrition knowledge (SNK) is essential for athletes to support selection of a diet to optimize sports performance. Unfortunately, assessment of SNK is limited by a lack of well-validated instruments. Valid assessment of SNK would assist in identifying gaps in athlete knowledge, as well as tailoring and evaluating nutrition education interventions.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop and conduct content validation on a SNK questionnaire for athletes.
Methods: Focus groups (FG) with experienced sports nutritionists at four elite sporting institutions in Australia and New Zealand were conducted to inform instrument development. FGs were recorded, transcribed verbatim and broad themes identified. Draft items for the Platform to Evaluate Athlete Knowledge of Sports Nutrition Questionnaire (PEAKS-NQ) were developed using FG themes, the scientific literature, and a sports nutrition position stand. FG participants were subsequently invited to review the PEAKS-NQ using a modified Delphi process to refine draft items and inform content validity.
Results: Participants (n = 16; median experience 11.5 years) identified key assessment domains including general nutrition knowledge along with SNK and supported development of an electronic instrument with food images. The electronic PEAKS-NQ was subsequently developed and reviewed by a subset of FG participants (n = 11/16). This informed changes to 41/94 items with none removed. The final PEAKS-NQ assessed knowledge of food groups, macro- and micronutrients, competition nutrition, dietary supplements and skills in adjusting dietary intake to different situations.
Conclusion: Minor adaptation to incorporate local foods would facilitate international use of the PEAKS-NQ. Further validation, including athlete performance on the instrument, is warranted.
Disclosure statement
None to declare.
Acknowledgment
All authors approved the final version of the paper. The authors would like to thank the sports institutes and dietitians that participated in this research.
Author contributions
Focus groups were conducted by R.T. and H.T.O.C.; questionnaire design was undertaken by R.T., K.L.B., J.A.G., and H.T.O.C.; thematic analysis was conducted by R.T. and verified by J.A.G. and H.T.O.C.; manuscript preparation was undertaken by R.T., J.A.G., and H.T.O.C.