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Abstract
Objective
The study's purpose was to examine a free-living, ketogenic diet (WFKD) on feasibility, satiety, body composition, and metabolic health in women.
Methods
Twenty-two women (age (yr.) 42.2 ± 8.1, Ht. (cm) 164.2 ± 5.9, BMI 27.3 ± 6.0) participated in a 21-day, free-living dietary intervention. Daily ketone measurements and satiety/craving surveys, weekly diet records, and PRE and POST assessments of anthropometrics, body composition, blood pressure, and fasted capillary-blood glucose (BG) and cholesterol panels were collected.
Results
Women maintained calories (PRE: 1938 kcal vs POST: 1836 kcal) and protein (PRE: 17% vs POST: 20%) but decreased carbohydrate (PRE: 36% vs POST: 13%) and increased fat (PRE: 45% vs POST: 65%) PRE to POST (p ≤ 0.05). Daily self-reports suggested no changes in satiety or food cravings between PRE, WK 1, WK 2, and WK 3. Ketones increased (PRE 0.3 ± 0.2 mmol vs POST 0.8 ± 0.6 mmol) PRE to POST with significant differences between PRE and all other time points (p ≤ 0.05). Bodyweight (PRE: 73.9 kg vs POST: 72.3 kg) and body fat (PRE: 28.9 ± 13.4 kg vs POST 27. 4 ± 13.5 kg) decreased but there were no differences in fat-free mass PRE to POST (p ≤ 0.05). Systolic blood pressure decreased (PRE: 119.2 ± 8.9 mmHg vs POST: 109.5 ± 10.9 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure increased (PRE: 74.1 ± 7.5 mmHg vs POST: 78.8 ± 7.4 mmHg), and BG improved (94.0 ± 8.3 mg/dL vs POST 89.9 ± 9.0 mg/dL) PRE to POST (p ≤ 0.05). No differences were observed in total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides (TG) but TC/HDL decreased and low-density lipoprotein increased PRE to POST (p ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion
Women were able to maintain calories, improve body composition, blood pressure, and BG, increase ketones, and improve some but not all cholesterol markers after 21 days on a free-living WFKD.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Dr. David Hooper, Dr. Roberta Christopher, and Marilyn Gilman for their help during screening and data collection. Thank you to all members of Jacksonville University’s academic technology team and all research participants who volunteered time and support for this research project.
Author contributions
Catherine Saenz contributed to concept, design, data collection, data analysis, drafting manuscript, and article approval. Stephanie Hooper, Terrance Orange, Ashlyn Knight, Martin Barragan, Tarah Lynch, and Kevin Coyle contributed to data collection, data analysis, critical revision, and article approval. Carena Winters contributed to design, data collection, data analysis, critical revision, and article approval. Heather Hausenblas contributed to concept, design, data collection, data analysis, critical revision, and article approval.
Disclosure statement
Catherine Saenz serves as a consultant for W Products, LLC; however, she does not receive any royalty from product sales . All findings and views discussed in this paper are of those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of W Products, LLC.