Treatment Staff Referrals, Participation Expectations, and Perceived Benefits and Barriers to Adolescent Involvement in Twelve-Step Groups

ABSTRACT

Adolescents treated for substance use disorders (SUDs) appear to benefit from participation in Alcoholics Anonymous/Narcotics Anonymous (AA/NA). However, as compared with adults, fewer adolescents attend, and those who do attend do so less intensively and discontinue sooner. It is unknown whether this disparity is due to a lowered expectation for youth participation by the clinicians treating them, as they may adapt the adult-based model to fit a less-dependent cohort, or whether recommendations are similar to those of clinicians who work with adults and other factors are responsible. All clinical staff (N = 114) at 5 adolescent programs (3 residential, 2 outpatient) were surveyed anonymously about referral practices and other beliefs about 12-step groups. Staff rated AA/NA participation as very important and helpful to adolescent recovery and referral rates were uniformly high (M = 86%, SD = 28%). Desired participation frequency was over 3 times per week. The theoretical orientation and level of care of the programs influenced some results. Findings suggest lower adolescent participation in 12-step groups is not due to a lack of clinician enthusiasm or referrals, but appears to be due to other factors.

KEYWORDS:

• Groups
• 12-step
• adolescents
• Alcoholics Anonymous
• Narcotics Anonymous
• mutual help group
• self-help group

Notes

∗Note. Bolded numbers indicate predominant orientation for that treatment program calculated from the DAPTI.

∗Note. Scored on a 1–10 scale where 10 = very important benefit.

∗Note. Scored on a 1–10 scale where 10 = very important barrier.

∗Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

∗∗Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

^a1 = high school; 2 = some college; 3 = college grad; 4 = some post-grad training; 5 = post-grad degree (e.g., MA, MSW, RN, PhD, MD, etc.)