Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most lethal form of primary brain neoplasm. TMZ is the first-line standard treatment, but the strong resistance constrains the efficacy in clinical use. GB contains glioma stem cells (GSCs), which contribute to TMZ resistance, promote cell survival evolvement, and repopulate the tumor mass. This review summarizes the TMZ-resistance mechanisms and discusses several potential therapies from the conservative opinion of GSC-targeted therapy orientation to the current view of TMZ resistance-aimed efficacy, which will provide an understanding of the role of heterogeneity in drug resistance and improve therapeutic efficacy in general.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to YL, PZ, and DH for their critical review of this manuscript.
Author contributions
All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. LQL and LD contributed to the conception and design of the paper. LQL and SZL drafted the paper. SZL provided useful comments and suggestions. LD and LQL revised the paper.
Disclosure statement
The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the article.