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The EDP Audit, Control, and Security Newsletter
Volume 46, 2012 - Issue 6
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Original Articles

The Telegraph and Personal Privacy: A Historical and Legal Perspective

Pages 9-20 | Published online: 13 Dec 2012
 

Abstract

After its development in the 1840s, the telegraph allowed individuals to communicate virtually anywhere in a matter of minutes. This article examines the development of the technology and its effect on personal privacy, both from a historical and legal perspective. It discusses how business, the courts, government and individuals responded to the threat of eavesdropping and free transfer of personal information to unknown parties brought on by the telegraph. Comparisons are made between the issues brought up by the telegraph and more modern issues related to the Internet.

Notes

1. D. R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict, Urbana, IL: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1990.

2. K. J. Connolly, Law of Internet Security and Privacy, Aspen, CO: Aspen Publishing, 2005.

3. “Over Land and Ocean,” New York Times, May 17, 1896.

4. S. Freierman, “Telegram Falls Silent Stop Era Ends Stop,” New York Times, February 6, 2006.

5. T. Standage, The Victorian Internet, New York: Walker and Company, 1998.

6. F. T. Andrews, “The Heritage of Telegraphy,” Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 12–18, Aug. 1989.

7. R. Nixon, “The Postal Service has been grappling with losses as first-class mail volume declines and more people switch to the Internet to communicate and pay bills,” New York Times, March 25, 2012.

8. B. Dibner, The Atlantic Cable, Burndy Library 1959.

9. Richard B. Du Boff, “Business History and the History of Technology,” The Business History Review, Vol. 54, No. 4 (Winter, 1980), pp. 459–479.

10. T. M. Cooley, “Inviolability of Telegraphic Correspondence,” 27 American Law Registry, 65, 66 (1879).

11. Simon Singh, The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography, New York: Anchor Books, 1999.

12. R. E. Smith, Ben Franklin's Web Site: Privacy and Curiosity from Plymouth Rock to the Internet, Providence, RI, Sheridan Press, 2000.

13. A. C. Desai, “Wiretapping Before the Wires: The Post Office and the Birth of Communications Privacy,” 60 Stanford Law Review, 554, 578 (2007–2008).

14. “About Telegraphic Codes and Cipher Messages,” Chamber's Journal, June 16, 1894, pp. 379–381.

15. See http://www.retro-gram.com/telegramhistory.html (accessed July 1, 2012).

16. Ibid.

17. G. Rosiere, Social Letters Made Easy, New York: Edward J. Clode, 1920, p. 117.

18. D. Neil, “R.i.p. Stop,” Los Angeles Times, February 19, 2006.

19. A. S. Cohen, “Privacy: A Jewish Perspective,” Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society, Vol. 1 (1981), p. 53.

20. P. J. Van Fossen, The Electronic Republic? The Impact of Technology on Education for Citizenship, Purdue University Press, 2008.

21. M. Berween, “The Fundamental Human Rights: An Islamic Perspective,” The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2002), pp. 61–79.

22. H. Henderson, Privacy in the Information Age, New York: Facts on File, 1999.

23. De May v. Roberts, 46 Mich. 160, 165–166 (1881).

24. John Henry Wigmore, Evidence §2292, at 554 (McNaughton rev. 1961).

25. S. D. Warren and L. D. Brandeis, “The Right to Privacy,” 4 Harvard Law Review (1890), p. 193.

26. Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438 (1928).

27. Ibid.

28. Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U. S. 383, 389 (1981).

29. John Henry Wigmore, Evidence §2292, at 554 (McNaughton rev. 1961).

30. The State of Maine v. Alden Litchfield, 58 Me. 267 (1870).

31. Ibid.

32. W. Scott and M. Jarnagin, Treatise Upon the Law of Telegraphs, Appendix, 457–507 (1868).

33. Ibid.

34. Note, “The Right to Privacy in Nineteenth Century America,” 94. Harvard Law Review, 1892, 1895. (1981).

35. A. Scolnik, “Protections for Electronic Communications: The Stored Communications Act and the Fourth Amendment,” 78 Fordham Law Review (2009–2010), p. 368.

36. T. Standage, The Victorian Internet, New York: Walker and Company (1998).

37. Henisler v. Freedman, 2 Pars. EQ. Cas 274 (Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas 1851).

38. J. Bigelow, The Life of Samuel J. Tilden, New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1895.

39. 96 U. S. 727 (1878).

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.

42. S. W. Jones, A Treatise on the Law of Telegraph and Telephone Companies, Kansas City, Vernon Law Book Company, 1906.

43. D. K. Mulligan, “Reasonable Expectations in Electronic Communications: A Critical Perspective on the Electronic Communications Privacy Act,” 72 George Washington Law Review, (2004), pp. 1557, 1562–1563.

44. M. Dennis, “The Once and Future Web: Worlds Woven by the Telegraph and Internet,” Journal of American History, Vol. 89, No. 1.

45. H. Field, History of the Atlantic Telegraph, New York: Charles Scribner and Company, 1869.

46. “Shaping the Internet Age, An essay by Bill Gates on the evolution of Internet and the technologies that are helping connect people to information, resources and to each other.” http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/exec/billg/writing/shapingtheinternet.aspx, (accessed July 5, 2012).

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