The Genus Gluconobacter Oxydans: Comprehensive Overview of Biochemistry and Biotechnological Applications

ABSTRACT

The genus Gluconobacter comprises some of the most frequently used microorganisms when it comes to biotechnological applications. Not only has it been involved in “historical” production processes, such as vinegar production, but in the last decades many bioconversion routes for special and rare sugars involving Gluconobacter have been developed. Among the most recent are the biotransformations involved in the production of L-ribose and miglitol, both very promising pharmaceutical lead molecules. Most of these processes make use of Gluconobacter's membrane-bound polyol dehydrogenases. However, recently other enzymes have also caught the eye of industrial biotechnology. Among them are dextran dextrinase, capable of transglucosylating substrate molecules, and intracellular NAD-dependent polyol dehydrogenases, of interest for co-enzyme regeneration. As such, Gluconobacter is an important industrial microbial strain, but it also finds use in other fields of biotechnology, such as biosensor-technology. This review aims to give an overview of the myriad of applications for Gluconobacter, with a special focus on some recent developments.

KEYWORDS:

• polyol dehydrogenase
• biosensors
• dextran
• L-ribulose
• co-enzyme regeneration
• bacterial cellulose
• L-sorbose

Abbreviation:
2KGADH,	=	2-keto-D-gluconate dehydrogenase;
2KGR,	=	2-keto-D-gluconate reductase;
5KGR,	=	5-keto-D-gluconate reductase;
2KLG,	=	2-keto-L-gulonic acid;
ArDH,	=	D-arabitol dehydrogenase;
Cyt.c,	=	c-type cytochrome;
Cyt.O,	=	o-type cytochrome;
DDase,	=	dextran dextrinase;
DHA,	=	dihydroxyacetone;
FAD,	=	flavine adenine dinucleotide;
FDH,	=	D-fructose dehydrogenase;
G4,	=	maltotetraose;
G4H,	=	maltotetraitol;
GADH,	=	D-gluconate dehydrogenase;
GDH,	=	D-glucose dehydrogenase;
GHK,	=	D-glucose hexokinase;
Glc,	=	D-glucose;
GlyDG,	=	glycerol dehydrogenase;
HIV,	=	human immunodeficiency virus;
MDH,	=	D-mannitol dehydrogenase;
mGlyDH,	=	membrane fractions containing GlyDH;
MPDH,	=	major polyol dehydrogenase;
NAD+,	=	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;
NADH,	=	reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;
NADP+,	=	nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate;
NADPH,	=	reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate;
NCBI,	=	National Center for Biotechnology Information;
ORF,	=	open reading frame;
pGlyDH,	=	purified GlyDG;
PQQ,	=	pyrroloquinoline quinine;
RLDG,	=	ribitol dehydrogenase;
SKDH,	=	shikimate dehydrogenase;
SLDH,	=	D-sorbitol dehydrogenase;
TCA,	=	tricarboxylic acid cycle;
UDP,	=	uridine diphosphate;
Q10,	=	ubiquinone-10.

Abbreviation:
2KGADH,	=	2-keto-D-gluconate dehydrogenase;
2KGR,	=	2-keto-D-gluconate reductase;
5KGR,	=	5-keto-D-gluconate reductase;
2KLG,	=	2-keto-L-gulonic acid;
ArDH,	=	D-arabitol dehydrogenase;
Cyt.c,	=	c-type cytochrome;
Cyt.O,	=	o-type cytochrome;
DDase,	=	dextran dextrinase;
DHA,	=	dihydroxyacetone;
FAD,	=	flavine adenine dinucleotide;
FDH,	=	D-fructose dehydrogenase;
G4,	=	maltotetraose;
G4H,	=	maltotetraitol;
GADH,	=	D-gluconate dehydrogenase;
GDH,	=	D-glucose dehydrogenase;
GHK,	=	D-glucose hexokinase;
Glc,	=	D-glucose;
GlyDG,	=	glycerol dehydrogenase;
HIV,	=	human immunodeficiency virus;
MDH,	=	D-mannitol dehydrogenase;
mGlyDH,	=	membrane fractions containing GlyDH;
MPDH,	=	major polyol dehydrogenase;
NAD+,	=	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;
NADH,	=	reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;
NADP+,	=	nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate;
NADPH,	=	reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate;
NCBI,	=	National Center for Biotechnology Information;
ORF,	=	open reading frame;
pGlyDH,	=	purified GlyDG;
PQQ,	=	pyrroloquinoline quinine;
RLDG,	=	ribitol dehydrogenase;
SKDH,	=	shikimate dehydrogenase;
SLDH,	=	D-sorbitol dehydrogenase;
TCA,	=	tricarboxylic acid cycle;
UDP,	=	uridine diphosphate;
Q10,	=	ubiquinone-10.