Molecular dynamics simulations show altered secondary structure of clawless in binary complex with DNA providing insights into aristaless-clawless-DNA ternary complex formation

Abstract

Aristaless (Al) and clawless (Cll) homeodomains that are involved in leg development in Drosophila melanogaster are known to bind cooperatively to 5′-(T/C)TAATTAA(T/A)(T/A)G-3′ DNA sequence, but the mechanism of their binding to DNA is unknown. Molecular dynamics (MD) studies have been carried out on binary, ternary, and reconstructed protein–DNA complexes involving Al, Cll, and DNA along with binding free energy analysis of these complexes. Analysis of MD trajectories of Cll–3A01, binary complex reveals that C-terminal end of helixIII of Cll, unwind in the absence of Al and remains so in reconstructed ternary complex, Cll–3A01–Al. In addition, this change in secondary structure of Cll does not allow it to form protein–protein interactions with Al in the ternary reconstructed complex. However, secondary structure of Cll and its interactions are maintained in other reconstructed ternary complex, Al–3A01–Cll where Cll binds to Al–3A01, binary complex to form ternary complex. These interactions as observed during MD simulations compare well with those observed in ternary crystal structure. Thus, this study highlights the role of helixIII of Cll and protein–protein interactions while proposing likely mechanism of recognition in ternary complex, Al–Cll–DNA.

Keywords:

• aristaless
• clawless
• MD simulations
• minor groove width
• secondary structure

Acknowledgments

SK and PP acknowledges the research fellowships received from Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) and Department of Science & Technology (DST), New Delhi, India, respectively. This work is supported by CSIR-network project, GENESIS and Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.