In-vitro assessment of the binding mechanism of oxyfluorfen (herbicide) with garlic phytocystatin: multi-spectroscopic and isothermal titration calorimetric study

Abstract

Oxyfluorfen (2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene) is a nitrophenyl ether herbicide. Phytocystatins are crucial plant proteins which regulate various physiological processes and are also responsible for maintaining protease–antiprotease balance within plants. Thus, the present article deciphers the interaction of oxyfluorfen with garlic phytocystatin (GPC) through various spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques. The cysteine proteinase inhibitory assay was done to assess the inhibitory action of GPC in the presence of oxyfluorfen. The GPC loses its inhibitory activity in the presence of oxyfluorfen. The complex formation of GPC-oxyfluorfen was shown by UV absorption spectroscopy. The intrinsic fluorescence experiment affirmed the quenching of GPC in the presence of oxyfluorfen. The Stern–Volmer quenching constant and binding constant was obtained as 6.89 × 10³ M⁻¹ and 9.72 × 10³ M⁻¹, respectively. Synchronous fluorescence showed the alteration in the microenvironment around tyrosine residues. 3D fluorescence suggested the perturbation in the polarity around aromatic residues. The isothermal titration experiment suggests that the interaction of oxyfluorfen with GPC is a thermodynamically favorable reaction. Secondary structure alteration of GPC in the presence of oxyfluorfen was studied by circular dichroism (CD). The CD result showed a reduction in the α-helical content of GPC on interaction with oxyfluorfen. Consequently, all these outcomes affirmed the formation of GPC–oxyfluorfen complex along with the structural and conformational alteration. This study identifies and signifies that the exposure of oxyfluorfen induces stress within the plant system.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Keywords:

• Circular dichroism
• fluorescence spectroscopy
• garlic phytocystatin
• isothermal titration calorimetry
• oxyfluorfen

Acknowledgements

University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi is gratefully acknowledged for the award of BSR-Faculty Fellowship to Bilqees Bano and Senior Research Fellowship (under MANF scheme) to Mohd Faizan Siddiqui. The authors are highly grateful for the facilities provided by the Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.