Antitussive noscapine and antiviral drug conjugates as arsenal against COVID-19: a comprehensive chemoinformatics analysis

Abstract

Coronavirus pandemic has caused a vast number of deaths worldwide. Thus creating an urgent need to develop effective counteragents against novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Many antiviral drugs have been repurposed for treatment but implicated minimal recovery, which further advanced the need for clearer insights and innovation to derive effective therapeutics. Strategically, Noscapine, an approved antitussive drug with positive effects on lung linings may show favorable outcomes synergistically with antiviral drugs in trials. Hence, we have theoretically examined the combinatorial drug therapy by culminating the existing experimental results with in silico analyses. We employed the antitussive noscapine in conjugation with antiviral drugs (Chloroquine, Umifenovir, Hydroxychloroquine, Favlplravir and Galidesivir). We found that Noscapine-Hydroxychloroquine (Nos-Hcq) conjugate has strong binding affinity for the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, which performs key biological function in virus infection and progression. Nos-Hcq was analyzed through molecular dynamics simulation. The MD simulation for 100 ns affirmed the stable binding of conjugation unprecedentedly through RMSD and radius of gyration plots along with critical reaction coordinate binding free energy profile. Also, dynamical residue cross-correlation map with principal component analysis depicted the stable binding of Nos-Hcq conjugate to Mpro domains with optimal secondary structure statistics of complex dynamics. Also, we reveal the drugs with stable binding to major domains of Mpro can significantly improve the work profile of reaction coordinates, drug accession and inhibitory regulation of Mpro. The designed combinatorial therapy paves way for further prioritized in vitro and in vivo investigations for drug with robust binding against Mpro of SARS-CoV-2.

Graphical Abstract

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Keywords:

• SARS-CoV-2
• noscapine conjugates
• main protease enzyme coronavirus
• molecular dynamics simulation

Acknowledgements

N. K. particularly thanks CSIR for Research Associate fellowship and University of Delhi for Guest Assistant Professor Opportunity to conduct research smoothly. A. A gratefully acknowledge DST-INSPIRE for the award of Senior Research Fellowship.

Authors contribution

£- NK and AA contributed equally. N.K, A.A., D.S., R.C., and N.S. designed the studies. N.K., D.S., and A.A, A.K., carried out the in silico experiments. N.K, A.A., A.G., and D.S. wrote the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.