Thiadiazine thione derivatives as anti-leishmanial agents: synthesis, biological evaluation, structure activity relationship, ADMET, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies

Abstract

During last decades, 3,5-disubstituted-tetrahydro-2H-thiadiazine-2-thione scaffold remains the center of interest due to their ease of preparation, diverse range substituents at N-3 and N-5 positions, and profound biological activities. In the current study, a series of 3,5-disubstituted-tetrahydro-2H-thiadiazine-2-thiones were synthesized in good to excellent yield, and the structure of the compounds were confirmed by various spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and Mass spectrometry, and finally evaluated against Leishmania major. Whereas, all the evaluated compounds (1-33), demonstrate potential leishmanicidal activities with IC₅₀ values in the range of (1.30- 149.98 uM). Among the evaluated compounds such as 3, 4, 6, and 10 exhibited excellent leishmanicidal activities with IC₅₀ values of (2.17 μM), (2.39 μM), (2.00 μM), and (1.39 μM), respectively even better than the standard amphotericin B (IC₅₀ = 0.50) and pentamidine (IC₅₀ = 7.52). In order to investigate binding interaction of the most active compounds, molecular docking study was conducted with Leishmania major. Further molecular dynamic simulation study was also carried out to assess the stability and correct binding of the most active compound 10, within active site of the Leishamania major. Likewise, the physiochemical properties, drug likeness, and ADMET of the most active compounds were investigated, it was found that none of the compounds violate Lipiniski’s rule of five, which show that this class of compounds had enough potential to be used as drug candidate in near future.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Keywords:

• Thiadiazine thione
• leishmanicidal activity
• Leishmania major
• molecular docking
• molecular dynamic simulation
• AMDET

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Correction Statement

This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Additional information

Funding

The authors highly acknowledge funding from Higher Education Commision, Pakistan Under NRPU Project No: 17234.