Investigation of the anti-cancer potential of epoxyazadiradione in neuroblastoma: experimental assays and molecular analysis

Abstract

Neuroblastoma, the most common childhood solid tumor, originates from primitive sympathetic nervous system cells. Epoxyazadiradione (EAD) is a limonoid derived from Azadirachta indica, belonging to the family Meliaceae. In this study, we isolated the EAD from Azadirachta indica seed and studied the anti-cancer potential against neuroblastoma. Herein, EAD demonstrated significant efficacy against neuroblastoma by suppressing cell proliferation, enhancing the rate of apoptosis and cycle arrest at the SubG₀ and G₂/M phases. EAD enhanced the pro-apoptotic Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 and inhibited the NF-kβ translocation in a dose-dependent manner. In order to identify the specific EAD target, a gel-free quantitative proteomics study on SH-SY5Y cells using Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was done in a dose-dependent manner, followed by detailed bioinformatics analysis to identify effects on protein. Proteomics data identified that Enolase1 and HSP90 were up-regulated in neuroblastoma. EAD inhibited the expression of Enolase1 and HSP90, validated by mRNA expression, immunoblotting, Enolase1 and HSP90 kit and flow-cytometry based bioassay. Molecular docking study, Molecular dynamic simulation, and along with molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area analysis also suggested that EAD binds at the active site of the proteins and were stable throughout the 100 ns Molecular dynamic simulation study. Overall, this study suggested EAD exhibited anti-cancer activity against neuroblastoma by targeting Enolase1 and HSP90 pathways.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Keywords:

• Neuroblastoma
• epoxyazadiradione
• anti-cancer
• LC-MS/ms
• HSP90
• and Enolase1

Acknowledgement

The author wants to acknowledge the DST-FIST-Govt. of India for providing the facility in ISF college of Pharmacy to carry out the experiments.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.