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Notes
1 Adam Nagourney, “Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls,” The New York Times, November 4, 2004, < http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html?_r = 1> (accessed January 16, 2010).
2 Iris Marion Young, “Structural Injustice and the Politics of Difference,” in Anthony Simon Laden, and David Owen (eds), Multiculturalism and Political Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 60–88.
3 A powerful counterpoint to Invictus is the documentary film Fair Play, directed by Connie Field (Clarity Films, USA, 2007). It is part of an excellent, recently completed seven-part film series by Connie Field, Have You Heard from Johannesburg (Clarity Films, USA, 2010). Fair Play looks at the South African Sprinboks team from a different angle in the apartheid era. Then the team was a symbol of white South Africa and apartheid, and from the late 1960s through the early 1980s it became a key target of international boycotts against South African apartheid sports teams. The sports boycott emerged when many western governments were reluctant to take action against the South African government. The film, which covers the period from 1958 to 1981, highlights the work of activist from England, Australia and New Zealand, Africa, the Americas, and the Eastern bloc that aimed chiefly at the International Olympic Committee, other international sporting organizations, and their home governments. See < http://www.clarityfilms.org/joburg/index.html>.
4 “Matt Damon Shapes Up to Play a South African Hero,” from “All Things Considered,” NPR, December 11, 2009, < http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId = 121236643> (accessed April 22, 2010).
5 See George Lipsitz, “Afterword: Racially Writing the Republic and Racially Righting the Republic,” in Bruce Baum and Duchess Harris (eds), Racially Writing the Republic: Racists, Race Rebels, and Transformations of American Identity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009).
6 Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, Charles Lam Markmann (trans.) (New York: Grove Press, 1967), p. 101.
7 Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, Charles Lam Markmann (trans.) (New York: Grove Press, 1967), 102, 101.
8 See Howard Winant, The World is a Ghetto: Race and Democracy since World War II (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
9 Daniel Mendelson, “The Wizard,” The New York Review of Books 57 (March 25, 2010), p. 13.
10 Michael Wood, “At the Movies,” London Review of Books, < http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n02/michael-wood/at-the-movies> (accessed January 22, 2010).
11 David Brooks, “The Messiah Complex,” The New York Times, January 8, 2010, < http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/08/opinion/08brooks.html> (accessed January 8, 2010).
12 David Brooks, “The Messiah Complex,” The New York Times, January 8, 2010, available at: < http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/08/opinion/08brooks.html?t…> (accessed January 8, 2010)
13 David Brooks, “The Messiah Complex,” The New York Times, January 8, 2010, available at: < http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/08/opinion/08brooks.html?t…> (accessed January 8, 2010)
14 Wood, “At the Movies.”
15 Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, pp. 101–102.
16 Alexei Barrionuevo, “Tribes of Amazon Find an Ally Straight Out of ‘Avatar,’” The New York Times, Sunday, April 11, 2010, pp. 1, 4.
17 Alexei Barrionuevo, “Tribes of Amazon Find an Ally Straight Out of ‘Avatar,’” The New York Times, Sunday, April 11, 2010, 4.
18 Alexei Barrionuevo, “Tribes of Amazon Find an Ally Straight Out of ‘Avatar,’” The New York Times, Sunday, April 11, 2010
19 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967), p. 83.
20 Darryl Lorenzo Wellington, “Sex, Race, and Precious,” Dissent online, March 6, 2010, < http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id+340> (accessed March 31, 2010).
21 Ishmael Reed, “Fade to White,” The New York Times, February 5, 2010, < http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/05/opinion/05reed.html> (accessed April 23, 2010). See also Ishmael Reed, “The Selling of ‘Precious’: Hollywood's Enduring Myth of the Black Male Sexual Predator,” Counterpunch, December 4–6, 2009, < http://www.counterpunch.org/reed12042009.html>.
22 Wellington, “Sex, Race, and Precious.”
23 Lynn Hirschberg, “The Audacity of ‘Precious,’” The New York Times Magazine, October 25, 2009, < http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/25/25precious-t.html>.
24 Lynn Hirschberg, “The Audacity of ‘Precious,’” The New York Times Magazine, October 25, 2009, available at: < http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/25/25precious-t.ht….?_r = 1>
25 Wellington, “Sex, Race, and Precious.”
26 Wellington, “Sex, Race, and Precious.”
27 Reed, “Fade to White.”
28 Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York, 1944), Vol. II, pp. 928–929, quoted in Thomas McCarthy, Race, Empire, and the Idea of Human Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 85.
29 Daniel Patrick, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action, in Lee Rainwater and William L. Yancy (eds), The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1967), p. 93. The Moynihan Report did acknowledge that “[t]here centuries of injustice have brought about deep-seated structural distortions in the life of Negro Americans” (p. 93).
30 Armond White, quoted in Wellington, “Sex, Race, and Precious.”
31 Wellington, “Sex, Race, and Precious.”
32 Quoted in Henry Louis Gates, Jr., “Forty Acres and a Wealth Gap,” The New York Times, November 18, 2007, < http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/opinion/18gates.html>.
33 Michael B. Katz and Mark J. Stern, “Beyond Discrimination: Understanding African American Inequality in the Twenty-First Century,” Dissent 55 (Winter 2008), p. 63.